Ch 4: Carbohydrate Structure and Function

Question 1

carbohydrates are organized by their

Answer 1

number of carbon atoms and functional groups

Question 2

common names are freq used when referring to sugars such as

Answer 2

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 3

3 carbon sugars are

Answer 3

trioses

Question 4

4 carbon sugars are

Answer 4

tetroses

Question 5

sugars with aldehydes as their most oxidized group are

Answer 5

aldoses

Question 6

sugars with ketones as their most oxidized group are

Answer 6

ketoses

Question 7

nomenclature of ___ is based on ___ of glyceraldehyde

Answer 7

sugars

D/L

Question 8

sugars with the highest-numbered chiral carbon with the -OH group on the right are

Answer 8

D sugars

Question 9

D/L forms of the same sugar are

Answer 9

enantiomers

Question 10

diastereomers

Answer 10

nonsuperimposable configurations of molecules with similar connectivity. they differ at at least one- but not all- chiral carbons

include epimers and anomers

Question 11

epimers

Answer 11

subtype of diastereomers that differ at exactly one chiral carbon

Question 12

anomers

Answer 12

subtype of epimers that differ at the anomeric carbon

Question 13

anomeric carbon

Answer 13

the new chiral center formed in a ring closure; it was the carbon containing the carbonyl in the straight-chain form

Question 14

a-anomers have the -OH

Answer 14

on the anomeric carbon trans to the free -CH2OH aka its down in the water like a fish

Question 15

b-anomers have the -OH on the anomeric carbon

Answer 15

cis to the free -CH2OH

Question 16

Haworth Projections

Answer 16

provide a good way to represent 3D structures

Question 17

mutarotation

Answer 17

switch from one anomer to the next with the straight chain form as an intermediate

Question 18

Monosaccarides are single carbohydrate units, glucose being the most common monomer, can undergo 3 main reactions being

Answer 18

oxidation-reduction, esterification, and glycoside formation

Question 19

aldoses can be oxidized to ___ and reduced to ___

Answer 19

aldonic acids

alditols

Question 20

sugars that can be oxidized are ___ and can be detected with ____ or ____

Answer 20

reducing agents/reducing sugars
Tollen’s or
Benedict’s reagents

Question 21

sugars can react with carboxylic acids and their derivatives forming ___. ___ is a similiar reaction in which phosphate ester is formed by transferring a phosphate group from ATP onto a sugar

Answer 21

esters (esterification)

phosphorylation

Question 22

basis for building complex carbohydrates and requires the anomeric carbon to link to another sugar

Answer 22

glycoside formation

Question 23

form as a result of glycosidic bonding btw 2 monosaccharide subuits

Answer 23

disaccharides

Question 24

sucrose, common disaccharide, is

Answer 24

glucose-alpha-1,2-fructose

Question 25

lactose, common disaccharides, is

Answer 25

galactose-B-1,4-glucose

Question 26

maltose, common disaccharides, is

Answer 26

glucose-alpha-1,4-glucose

Question 27

cellulose

Answer 27

polysaccharide that is main structural component for plant cell walls and is the main source of fiber in the human diet

Question 28

starches (amylose and amylopectin)

Answer 28

polysaccharides that function as a main energy storage form for plants

Question 29

glycogen

Answer 29

polysaccharide that functions as main energy storage form for animals