Ch 5: Lipid Structure and Function Flashcards

(28 cards)

1
Q

lipids are soluble in

A

nonpolar organic solvents

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2
Q

the head group of phospholipids are attached by a ____ and bc it interacts with the environment, determines the function of the phospholipid

A

phosphodiester linkage

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3
Q

saturated fatty acids are ____ fluid than unsaturated

A

less

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4
Q

phospholipids that contain a glycerol backbone

A

glycerophospholipids

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5
Q

_____ contain a sphingosine backbone; many but not all are also phospholipids with a phosphodiester bond; these are called ____

A

Sphingolipids

Sphingophospholipids

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6
Q

Sphingomyelins

A

are the major class of sphingophospholipids and contain a phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine head group. they are the major contributer in the myelin sheath

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7
Q

_____ attached to sugar moieties instead of a phosphate group. ____ have one sugar connected to sphingosine; ____ have two or more

A

glycosphingolipids

cerebrosides
globosides

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8
Q

gangliosides

A

contain oligosaccharides with at least one terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA; also called sialic acid)

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9
Q

waxes contain long-chain fatty acids that are ___ to long chain alcohols

A

esterfied

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10
Q

terpenes

A

odiferous steroid precursors from isoprene, a five carbon molecule

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11
Q

one terpene unit (a monoterpene) contains

A

2 isoprene units

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12
Q

terpenoids are derived from terpenes via

A

oxygenation or backbone rearrangement. they have similar odorous characteristics

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13
Q

Steroids

A

contain three cyclohexane rings and one cylcopentane ring

oxidation state and functional group may vary

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14
Q

steroid hormones have

A

high-affinity receptors, work at low concentrations and affect gene expression and metabolism

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15
Q

cholesterol is a

A

steroid hormone important to membrane fluidity and stability; it serves as a precursor to a host of other molecules

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16
Q

____ are autocrine and paracrine hormones that regulate cAMP levels. they have powerful effects on muscle contraction, body temp, the sleep-wake cycle, and pain

A

Postaglandins

17
Q

fat-soluble vitamins include

18
Q

Vit A (carotene) is

A

metabolized to retinal for vision and retinoic acid for gene expression in epithelial development

carotene - carrots are high in vit A eat to improve vision

19
Q

Vit D (cholecalciferol) is metabolized to

A

calcitriol in the kidneys and regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in the intestines (inc ca and phosphate absorption), promoting bone formation. deficiency of this causes rickets

D regulates calcium, remember it is freq added to milk to aid in absorption of calcium

20
Q

Vit E (tocopherols)

A

act as biological antioxidants. their aromatic rings destroy free radicals, preventing oxidative damage

21
Q

Vit K (phylloquinone and menaquinones)

A

important for formation of prothrombin, a clotting factor. performs posttranslational modifications on a number of proteins, creating calcium binding sites

vit k is for koagulation

22
Q

preferred method of storing energy for long-term use

they contain one glycerol attached to 3 fatty acids by ester bonds
very hydrophobic so not hydrated by water in body and therefore do not carry extra weight

A

triacylglycerols (triglycerides)

23
Q

carbon atoms in ____ are more reduced than ___ , giving twice as much energy per gram during oxidation

A

lipids

carbohydrates

24
Q

animal cells specifically used for storage of large triacylglycerol deposits are called

25
free fatty acids are
unesterfied fatty acids that travel through the bloodstream
26
salts of free fatty acids are ____ and can be synthesized in saponification
soaps
27
saponification
is the ester hydrolysis of triacylglycerols using a strong base, like Na or KOH
28
Micelles can dissolve a ___ in its fatty acid core, and washes away with water bc of its shell of ___ head groups
lipid-soluble molecule | carboxylate