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Biology 1406L > Ch. 4 cell structure > Flashcards

Ch. 4 cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Prokarya

A

Before nucleus

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2
Q

Define Eukarya

A

“True” nucleus

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3
Q

When were cells discovered?

A

In 1665 by Robert Hook

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4
Q

What is Cell Theory? (hint there’s 3 answers)

A

1) All organisms are composed of cells
2) cells are the smallest living thing
3) cells arise from pre-existing cells

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5
Q

What’s a resolution?

A

The minimum distance that 2 points can be apart and still be distinguished as 2 separate points

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of microscopes?

A

1) light - use magnifying lens and visible light
2) electron - use beams of electrons
3) transmission electron - transmit electrons through materials
4) scanning electron - beam electrons onto surface of specimen

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7
Q

What are the 4 basic structure similarities of all cells? In other words, what do all cells have?

A

1) DNA
2) Ribosomes
3) cytoplasm
4) plasma membrane

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8
Q

What is Cytosol?

A

Liquid component of cytoplasm

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9
Q

What do prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria) lack?

A

A nucleus

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10
Q

What did Robert Hook call cells?

A

Cellulae

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11
Q

What did Matthias Schleiden discover in 1838?

A

That cells make up the tissue of plants

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12
Q

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek call cells?

A

animalcules

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13
Q

What did Theodor Schwann discover in 1839? What did it lead to?

A

Cells make up animal tissues which led to cell theory being born

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14
Q

What’s Cell Theory?

A

The explanation for the observation that all organisms are composed of cells

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15
Q

What’s the Modern form of Cell Theory? (there are 3 parts)

A

1) all organisms have 1+ cell in which metabolism and heredity occur w/in these cells
2) Cells are the smallest living thing and the basic unit of organization of all organisms
3) Cells arise from division of pre-existing cells

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16
Q

What’s the surface area-to-volume ratio?

A

As a cell’s size increases, its volume increases more rapidly than its surface area

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17
Q

What’s a compound microscope?

A

One that magnifies in stages using multiple lenses and resolve structures more than 200 nm apart

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18
Q

What does Immunohistochemistry use?

A

Antibodies to bond to specific proteins after being chemically bonded

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19
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

simplest organism that primarily has a single circular molecule of DNA found in the nucleoid

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20
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Have DNA organized into linear chromosomes segregated into a nucleus

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21
Q

What’s the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?

A

Pro: has nucleotide
Euk: has a nucleus

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22
Q

What’s cytoplasm?

A

Semifluid matrix that fills the interior of the cell

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23
Q

What’s a ribosome?

A

large macromolecular machines made of RNA and protein that synthesizes all cellular proteins

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24
Q

What’s the plasma membrane?

A

an enclosure of a cell that separates its contents from its surroundings

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25
What's a plasmodesmata (in plants)?
Where plants are connected in the cell walls
26
What're flagella?
a hairlike appendage that protrudes from certain plant and animal sperm cells, and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility
27
What's a gap junction?
intercellular connections between a multitude of animal cell-types. They directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells
28
What're tight junctions?
Leak-proof seals that surrounds an epithelial cell
29
What's an Adherens junction?
cell-cell adhesion complexes that are continuously assembled and disassembled, allowing cells within a tissue to respond to forces, biochemical signals and structural changes in their microenvironment
30
What is a Bacterial Microcompartment (BCM)?
something that isolates a specific metabolic process or stores a particular substance
31
Define Cell Walls
Walls that protect the cell, maintain its shape, and prevent excess uptake/loss of water
32
What are bacteria flagella?
protein rings embedded in the plasma membrane and a cell wall w/ long protein fibers extending from this
33
What's archaellum?
a structure that appears related to a different bacterial external structure known as a pilus and formed by a disk of membrane proteins w/ a protein filament extending from the cell
34
What's the endromembrane system?
a system that weaves through the cell interior and has numerous organelles that are used to compartmentalize multiple biochemical processes
35
What's the central vacuole?
a large membrane-bounded sac that stores proteins, pigments, and waste materials in plant cells
36
Whta's a visicle?
small sacs that store and transport a variety of materials
37
What's a nucleus?
Found in the center of a cell, it has genetic info that enables the synthesis of nearly all proteins
38
What's a nucleous?
a region where intensive synthesis of the ribosomal RNA takes place
39
What's a nuclear envelope?
surface of the nucleus which is bounded by 2 phospholipid bilayered membranes
40
What are nuclear pores?
Small holes on the surface of the nuclear envelope that allow ions and small molecules to diffuse freely between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm while controlling the passage of proteins and RNA-protein complexes
41
What's a nuclear lamina?
the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; gives nucleus its shape
42
What's a chromatin?
a complex structure in which DNA is divided into multiple linear chromosomes and organized with proteins
43
What is rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
attachment of ribosomes to the membrane and gives a rough appearance; synthesis of proteins is secreted
44
What's smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
relatively few bounded ribosomes that have a variety of function; makes membranes
45
What's the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
the largest internal membrane in eukaryotic cells
46
What does a Golgi apparatus do?
collects, packages and distributes molecules synthesized at one location and used at another w/in the cell or outside of it
47
What's the receiving end of a Golgi apparatus called? Where's it located?
Cis face; located near ER
48
What's the exit end of the Golgi apparatus called?
Trans face
49
How do proteins transport through the end-membrane system? (hint, there's 4 parts)
1) proteins synthesized by ribosomes on RER; transported to ER 2) diffused through cell and fused w/ cis face 3) modified, packaged into vesicles for transport 4) travel in vesicles to either the plasma membrane to go outside or to other locations in the cell via the trans face
50
What are lipid droplets?
organelles w/ different structures from the rest of the end-membrane system and consist of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a layer of phospholipid
51
What are micro bodies?
things that contain enzymes in the cells that help eukaryotic cells organize their metabolism
52
What's a peroxisome contain?
enzymes that oxidize fatty acids
53
What's a tonoplast?
channels for water outside vacuoles that help the cell maintain its tonicity
54
What's a grana?
closed compartments of stacked membranes in chloroplasts
55
What's a thylakoid?
light-capturing photosynthesis pigment in grana
56
What's a amyloplast?
a leucoplast that stores the starch, amylose
57
What's a leucoplast?
a DNA-containing organelle that lacks pigment and complex internal structure; could serve as a starch storage area
58
How is a plastid produced?
division of existing placids; are chloroplasts, leucoplasts and amyloplasts
59
What's the Theory of Endosymbiosis?
Some of todays eukaryotic organelles evolved by a symbiosis (relationship) between 2 free living cells in which a prokaryote (was one cell) got engulfed and became a new cell (eukaryote) ; examples being the mitochondria and chloroplasts
60
What does the mitochondria do?
metabolizes sugar to produce ATP
61
What do chloroplasts do?
harness light energy to produce ATP and synthesize sugars
62
What's an actin filament (microfilament)?
long fibers composed of 2 protein chains loosely twined together w/ subunits of globular proteins called actin
63
What's a microtubule?
largest part of cytoskeletal elements; consist of a ring of 13 protein proto-filaments w/ alpha and beta tubulin subunits Are positive if away from nuclear center and negative if close
64
What's an intermediate filament?
most durable element and once formed, are stable and cannot breakdown; have various functions depending on their type
65
Where are centrioles found?
in the cells of animal and plant cells; a cylindrical organelle composed mainly of a protein called tubulin
66
What are the 4 components to move material through the microtubules?
1) a vesicle or organelle that needs to be transported 2) a motor protein 3) a connector molecule that connects the vesicle to the motor 4) microtubules that the vesicle will ride on (like a train on a rail)
67
What's myosin?
a protein that helps w/ muscle contraction
68
What's a primary wall?
laid down walls when a plant cell is still growing
69
What's the middle lamella?
what glues cells together between the walls of adjacent cells to a sticky substance
70
What's a secondary wall?
deposited inside a primary wall of fully expanded cells
71
What's an integrin?
part of the plasma membrane that extends into cytoplasm and attaches microfilaments and intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton
72
What's a glycolipid?
cell surface markers
73
What's a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?
genes that help the immune system distinguish "self" cells from "nonself" cells
74
What're Hemidesmosomes?
focal adhesions that connect cells to the basal lamina or other ECM
75
What're separate junctions?
found in invertebrates and vertebras and form a barrier that can seal off a sheet of cells
76
What's communicating junctions?
small areas that allow communication between cells through small

Biology 1406L (7 decks)

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