Ch 4 CONDENSED NASM

Question 1

What is defined as All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself?

The process in which nutrients are acquired, transported, used, and disposed of by the body.

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

What is defined as the examination of bioenenergetics as it relates to the unique phisiological changes and demands placed on the body during exercise?

Answer 2

Exercise Metabolism

Question 3

What is the material or substance on which an enzyme acts? Dietary food broken down into smaller by-products.

Answer 3

Substrates

Question 4

What are organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which include starches, cellulose, and sugars, and are an important source of energy?

All carbohydrates are eventually broken down in the body to…

Answer 4

Carbohydrates

broken down into glucose, a simple sugar.

Question 5

What is defined as a simple sugar?

What is it manufactured by the body from?

Why is it important?

Answer 5

Glucose

carbohydrates, fat, an to a lesser extent protein,

serves as the body’s main source of fuel.

Question 6

What is a more complex form of carbohydrate stored in the liver and muscle cells?

When can it be rapidly broken down into glucose and used as energy (ATP)?

Answer 6

Glycogen

When blood glucose is low during periods of prolonged or intense exercise.

Question 7

One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy in the body. Help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy. They also serve as energy stores for the body.

Answer 7

Fat

Question 8

The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body.

When calories are consumed but not immediately needed they are converted to this and transported to fat cells

(When there is more glucose in the body than cells can readily use)

Answer 8

Triglycerides

Question 9

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds

How often do they supply energy during exercise or act as a source of fuel for energy metabolism?

When does it become a significant source of fuel?

Answer 9

PROTEIN

Rarely supplies much energy during exercise and in many descriptions is ignored as a significant source of fuel for energy metabolism.

When protein becomes a significant source of fuel is starvation.

Question 10

What is the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids (proteins)

When does it occur?

Answer 10

Gluconeogenesis

low-calorie diet or starvation (During a negative energy balance)

Question 11

What is the study of energy,

or how energy is transformed in the human body through various bio-chemical reactions.

Answer 11

Bioenergetics

Question 12

A high-energy compound/molecule that stores energy (to be used in cellular and mechanical work including exercise) and is a transfer unit within the cells of the body.

Energy storage and transfer unit within cells of the body

Answer 12

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Question 13

What are the three metabolic ways that cells can generate ATP?

Answer 13

Cells generate ATP through:

1. The ATP-PC System (PC = Phosphocreatine)
2. Glycolysis
3. The Oxidative system

Question 14

What is the ATP-PC System?

What makes it significant?

Is it aerobic or anaerobic?

How long does it provide energy for?

When is it activated?

What are two activities that would use this system?

Answer 14

• The process of creating a new ATP molecule from a phosphocreatine molecule.
• The simplest and fastest of energy systems
• Occurs without the presence of oxygen (anaerobic)
• Provides energy for Approx. 10-15 seconds
• Activated at the onset of exercise, regardless of intensity, b/c of its ability to produce energy very rapidly in comparison with the other systems.
• Strength training, or sprinting

Question 15

What is glycolysis?

Is it aerobic or anaerobic?

What is its duration?

Why is glycolysis signifiant (2 reasons)?

What is the end result?

Answer 15

• A means of producing ATP through chemical breakdown of glucose.
• Anaerobic
• Approx. 30-50 seconds duration
• Lasts about 8-12 repetitions so most workouts will put greater stress on this system.
• CREATES SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF ENERGY (2 ATP per glucose, 3 ATP per glycogen)
• -End Result: *Glucose or Glycogen broken down into Lactic Acid (anaerobic glycolysis) or Pyruvic Acid (aerobic glycolysis)*
• EXTRA:*
• -*Glucose/Glycogen must be converted to glucose-6-phosphate before glycolysis can occur. *converting glucose to glucose-6-phosphate uses 1 ATP molecule *convert glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate does not*

Question 16

What is the Oxidative System (oxidative phosphorylation)?

What are its defining characteristics in terms of simplicity/complexity, speed, and longevity?

When is it used for energy?

What is its main fuel source?

Answer 16

• The process of creating energy or ATP with oxygen and substrates (mainly fat)
• The most complex of the the energy systems for generating ATP
• Speed is not its strong point (gradually increases over at least the first 5 minutes),
• But can produce for an indefinite amount of time (b/c everyone has ample fat storage)
• Used at rest for indefinite periods of time and during sustained exercise

Question 17

The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise.

Answer 17

Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

Question 18

What is the study of HOW ENERGY is TRANSFERRED into USABLE FORM in the human body through different chemical reactions?

Answer 18

Bioenergetics

Question 19

The formation of glucose from non carbohydrate sources such as amino acids

Answer 19

Gluconeogenesis

Question 20

What does EPOC stand for and what does it mean?

Answer 20

Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption–

The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise because of increased oxygen consumption.

Question 21

Is recovery an aerobic or anaerobic event?

Why is this relevant in games?

Answer 21

Aerobic

Thus games need to have periods of training that address aerobic energy production despite the fact that games are not constant-pace exercise.

Question 22

For ten minutes someone is taking a mild walk and someone else is taking a brisk power walk.

• Who is burning a higher percentage of calories from fat?
• Who is burning more fat?

EXTRA:

-Who has the RQ of .8 and who has .9?

Answer 22

The mild walker is burning a higher percentage from fat

The power walker is buring more fat.

The mild walker is has an RQ of .8, and power walker is .9

Question 23

What is use of O2 to form Pyruvic Acid (versus lactic acid) in the production of ATP

Answer 23

Aerobic Glycolosis! =D

Question 24

What do carbohydrates break down into?

What do triglycerides break down into?

What do protiens break down into?

(This is the substrate form)

Answer 24

Carbs –> Glucose

Triglycerides –> Fatty Acids

Proteins –> Aminio Acids

Question 25

Which is more energy dense, a fat molecule or a carb molecule?

Which breaks down faster?

Which requires more oxygen for use?

Answer 25

Fat more energy dense

Carbs break down faster

Fat requires more oxygen to use

Question 26

What is the substrate form of protein?

What are they primarily known for their use in?

Answer 26

Aminio acids

Building and repairing soft tissues

Question 27

What happens after 90 minutes of exercise in regards to energy metabolism?

Answer 27

The majority of muscle glycogen stores are depleted