Ch. 4, Nation State

Question 1

Causes of the fall of the universal monarchy

Answer 1

CAUSES: Challenges to universalism by emperor, pope and secular princes and authority

Question 2

Rise of provincialism/particularism

Answer 2

centralized nation eminating from power of monarchy; nations are breaking into provincial groupings and leads to a decline in power by central authorities (emperor and pope)

Question 3

Rule of the Hanseatic League:

Answer 3

league of merchants from Northern Germany, Scandinavia, Poland

Question 4

House of Habsburg: i

Answer 4

inheritors of holy roman empire, Kings of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, and Croatia EVERY ROMAN EMPIRE FROM 1438—1918 WAS A MEMBER OF THE HOUSE OF HABSBURG) (HOWEVER EMPEROR POSITIONS IS NOT INHERITED)

Question 5

Italian conflict between the Guelphs and Ghibelline

Answer 5

Guelphs (strongly supportive of pope, propapal, see him as most important above emperor) and Ghibelline (pro-imperial, emperor is superior)

Question 6

Italian grandi

Answer 6

Fighting between Grandi (old rich oligarchy who had control of Italy)

Question 7

Charles I/The Fifth:

Answer 7

became king of unified Spain in 1515—1556, also was the Holy Roman Emperor at the time (MOST POWERFUL PERSON IN WESTERN EUROPE IN 16TH CENTURY)

Question 8

Hundred Years War, 1337–1453:

Answer 8

one of the main events that united France; series of conflicts between England and France regarding who should inherit the throne of France
OUTCOME: France was victorious, resulted in unification of France, reduction in provincialism, unification was needed to win the war, more territory under French control

Question 9

War of Roses, 1455–1485:

Answer 9

civil war between Red rose and White rose, dynastic struggle resolved when Henry Tudor VII defeats Ricgard III at Battle of Bosworth (1485)
^^End of medevil period in England and beginning of early modern period

Question 10

Henry VII and then Henry VIII used Machievallian reward and punishment to establish and centralize power
Create private council:

Answer 10

works exclusively for powers of king, reduction in power of parliament, enrich crown, send lietuents into provinces to enforce centralized royal authority and take power from nobles who controlled countryside, ensure that crown is getting what it is entitled to (made it wealthier),

Question 11

Act of the Restraint of Appeals, 1553

Answer 11

Effort to reduce power of Catholic church and emphasize authority of English king

Question 12

Donation of Constantine:

Answer 12

document produced by Constantine in the third century that declared the roman Catholic pope had spiritual authority over the entire Western empire/all of Western Europe
Pope is elected into his position by majority of cardinals (sitting in conclave after previous pope died)
Donation of Constantine was later discovered, by humanist Lorenzo Valla, to be a forgery created by the Church in the 8th century
Used fillalogical techniques: examined the history and structure of language to determine that the Donation of Constantine could not have been written in the 3rd century
Used by the Catholic church to expand power
OUTCOME: loss of legitimacy in the papacy when people found out

Question 13

How were emperors chosen?

Answer 13

Emperor would be chosen from Germanic kings, who had sufficient wealth and power to gain majority votes

Question 14

Reichstag

Answer 14

Head of imperial diet (Reichstag) legislative body, comprised of the same people who elected the emperor, to assist him governing the empire and other regions where he maintains secular authority

Question 15

(TEMPORAL AUTHORITY:

Answer 15

Roman emperor has secular authority over Christians and kings (TEMPORAL AUTHORITY: authority that is not based on religion)

Question 16

IMPERIUM:

Answer 16

absolute sovereignty; kings held dominion (right to rule in their jurisdiction)
Imperium is higher sovereignty than dominion

Question 17

Ausculta Filli, 1301:

Answer 17

God has set popes over kings and emperors

Question 18

Unam Sanctam, 1302:

Answer 18

all secular authority is subject to spiritual power of Church (even though temporal matters are administered by kings and the emperor, all of these actions are subordinated to the spiritual power which surpasses it)

Question 19

Defensor Pacis (defender of the peace), 1324:

Answer 19

pope has no secular authority and is subject to the emperor and kings in such matters (kings are developing independent authority)

Question 20

Golden Bull:

Answer 20

seal made of gold, the emperor declared that he should be chosen by 7 independent electors (not the pope or the kings/bishops), the emperor
OUTCOME: WEAKENED POWER OF THE EMPEROR, the secular electors (first 4) became almost equal in status to the emperor himself due to their powers in choosing who the emperor would be

Question 21

Western Schism

Answer 21

Cardinals in conclave elect Italian Pope, Urban VI in 1378, who returns the Curia to Rome
French cardinals then claim they were coerced into this election and elect their own French pope, “Clement VII”, 1378-97 (considered as an imposter/anti-pope, that’s why his name is in quotation marks, not accepted as legitimate now)
OUTCOME: CREATES THE PROBLEM OF TWO POPES, weakens the power of the papacy “The Great Schism”

Question 22

ENDED WESTERN SCHISM, Council of Constance:

Answer 22

get rid of all three “anti-popes”, elected Martin V, now only one pope
Councils would be called every 10 years to prevent abuses of papal power
OUTCOME: represents severe decline in papal power, by 1450 the emperor and pope has lost significant amounts of authority; making way for kings to claim independent sovereignty and developing the early modern Nation State

Question 23

Charachteristics of the Nation State

Answer 23

By 1550, there are several nations emerging with unifying characteristics that define the nation state
(1) Sovereign: imperial, no higher power than king
(2) Centralized: weak provincial authority, strengthened power of monarchy
(3) Royal: governed by hereditary kings; monarchs have capacity to limit legislative bodies/manipulate them, parliamentary limits
(4) Divine (kings are chosen by God, Rex dei gratia)
(5) Secular (not run by the church, temporal)
(6) Wealthy (needed to be able to reward loyalty to show splendour of their realm and emphasize power of monarchy
(7) Homogeneous (single religion and custom; Catholic throughout all of France, England, and Spain until Protestant reformation in 1550)
(8) Machiavellian: patronage, fear, benevolence
ALL OF THESE CHARACTERISTICS WERE ACHIEVED BY SPAIN, FRANCE, ENGLAND: not achieved by Italy or Holy Roman Empire