Ch.6, The Protestant Reformation Flashcards
Modern Devotion:
developed in the 1440s-1470s, followed the ideas of Thomas Ocempus and Gerard Groot: finding a religion that was more simple and allowing people to live lives that were modest and simple (that the leaders of the Catholic church were not demonstrating)
Martin Luther, Founder of Protestentism, 95 theses
Believed he had the obligation to teach his students the core principles of his discipline: he is a doctorate of theology: he was a Catholic pritest (VERY LOW RANKING MEMBER IN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH)
Wanted to debate the 95 theses: nailed the 95 theses to the door of the Vitenburg cathedral: when people wanted to defend their thesis, there is a public announcement that a thesis will be defended; very humanist related activity
Criticized the ongoing sale of indulgences: drawn from the treasury of merit “all of the good deeds of the people who had become saints of the Catholic church”: in theory to reduce the penance for temporal sin: they had to work off that penance to be able to gain salvation
If they died before these were worked off, the person was placed in purgatory until the debt was “paid off”
Lutherian separation vs reformation
LUTHER wanted reformation but not separation at first until it was unnecessary
Luther was unwilling to recant the core ideas of the 95 these
Exsurge Domine:
Leo X issued a Papal Bull, that means Arise Lord, instructing Luther on pain of excommunication to renounce the ideas of the 95 theses
OUTCOME: Luther refuses to do so, burns the Papal Bull, is excommunicated and is now forced to seek seperation
Diadeverne: Imperial reichstag brought him for trial, refused to recount ideas there, and was exiled
Canon vs divine law
Canon Law: that which is subject to interpretation in the Bible; when speaking ex cathedra the pope could interpret this
Divine Law: parts of Bible in which God or Jesus specifically speaks
Babylonian Captivity:
analogy of how Catholic churh is depriving Christians of their true religion; anaology relating back to when Jews were held captive in the 6th century
Addresss to the Christian Nobility:
emphasizes the factbthat the nobles throughout the Holy Roman Empire who had independent sovereignty, had the ability to determine their own religion: emphasized the ability of Christians to read and interpret Bible by themselves without being told how to understand it
Augsburg Confession, 1530, Luther’s Primary Arguments
Central tenants of Lutheranism
Written by Philip Malancthon: Luther contributed but did not fully write it, written for the purpose of protest on behalf of Lutheranism to the Diet of Ausburg (PROTEST= REASON WHY ITS CALLED PROTESTANTISM)
Rejects spiritual powers of emperor and pope: new audience became nobility of the Christian realms
Emphasizes a national and vernacular religion: religion should be expressed at the national level, which is different in each nation, because each nation speaks its own vernacular language
Salvation by faith alone: sola vide;
MASS IS NOT GOOD WORKS (good works meant attending mass and taking part in the infrastructure of the church; not about doing good works or doing charity only, more about taking part in the artifice of the church)/ statues can be revered as relics of saints, stained glass windows and use of incense were “good works of the church” that the Catholics had to involve themselves in
True Presence of Christ in Eucharist, transubstantiation and consubstantiation
transubstantiation (during the mass, when the priest drinks the win and eats the bread, it literally transforms into the blood and body of christ)
^^Luther argued for CONSUBSTANTIATION: there is a comingling of the elements but transubstantiation can’t be possible; body and bread; iron and fire are independent of each other when mixed example
Lutherans and sacraments
Catholics Accepts baptism when a person is born, eucharist is mass, penance is confession AS SACRAMENTS, anointed the sick, confirmation which is a ceremony reaffirming their baptism, matrimony as rituals
Lutherans: accepted these as rituals, not sacraments^^^: rejected the idea that it was needed to do this in mass
Swiss Reformed Tradition
Huldrych Zwingli and Heinrich Bullinger, and John calvin: Christian Humanists from Switzerland and France
Bullinger and Calvin had very different ideas about Swiss reformed tradition: to unify for the purpose of spreading Swiss reform, they GET TOGETHER AND PRODUCE THE CONSENSUS OF ZURICH (want to show unified front in regards to Swiss reform)
Swiss Reformed Doctrines; mass
Mass becomes the Lord’s Supper: in catholicism and lutheranism this is mass; in Catholciism it is performed by a priest
Swiss Doctrine of Predistination:
before the beginning of time, God has already elected people for salvation: people don’t know whether are not have they have been chosen, people need to have faith in the wisdom of God to determine who will go to heaven or hell: nothing one does can change this predestined, although there were outward signs of predestination based on wealth/charity/
Peace of Augsburg
Designed to limit spread of the radical sects of Protestantism
Imperial states adopt adopt Catholicism or Luthernaism
Cuis regio, eius religio: whose rule, his religion (leader gets to choose religion for that region; religion for that entire national unit)
Takes away individual freedom for choosing religion
