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PSYC215 > Ch. 4 - Perceiving Persons > Flashcards

Ch. 4 - Perceiving Persons Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Social perception

A

The process by which people come to understand each other
based on:
- Evidence
- Attributions
- Integration
- how our impressions dictate our reality (confirmation biases)

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2
Q

Behavioural Scripts

A

Specific contexts where things are expected or not

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3
Q

Behavioural Evidence

A
  • People are good at identifying actions based on Movement
  • Mind Perception
  • Nonverbal Behaviour
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4
Q

Mind Perception

A

The attribution of Human-Like mental states and capacities to animate and inanimate things, including humans
Based on two Dimensions
- Agency (ability to plan and execute behaviour)
- Experience (Ability to feel and sense)
* Participants rated various human and non-human objects’ on the extent of their mental abilities and how much they liked/valued/wanted to protect it

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5
Q

Agency

A

Perceived ability to plan and execute behaviour

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6
Q

Experience

A

Perceived ability to feel and sense (physical and mental)

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7
Q

Nonverbal Behaviour

A

Facial, vocal, and bodily behaviour that shows feelings
- mostly universal, but can be culturally variable (e.g. hungarian head-shakes)
- accurately judged by most people for things like IQ, personality, and disorders

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8
Q

Eye Contact

A

most important of nonverbal behaviours
- humans are incredibly sensitive to eye contact
- can show positive and negative things, depending on context

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9
Q

Best ways to find truth and deception

A

Make sure they’re cognitively taxed while questioning them
- Still difficult to accurately see most of the time

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10
Q

Attribution theory

A

We come up with attributions to explain behaviours
focus on intent (unintentional or intentional) and whether or not it reflects beliefs, personality or mental state

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11
Q

Attributions

A

explanations for peoples’ actions

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12
Q

The two types of Causal attributions

A

Personal Attributions
Situational attributions

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13
Q

Personal Attributions

A

Attributions based on an individual’s internal qualities like mood, personality, ability

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14
Q

Situational Attributions

A

Attributions based on external events, like a task, other people, or luck

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15
Q

Correspondence theory

A

How we try to see someone’s actions in relation to their traits
Factors:
- Degree of Choice
- Degree of Expectedness
- Intended Effects

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16
Q

how does the Degree of Choice show someone’s traits

A

Freely chosen behaviour is more informative than coerced

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17
Q

how does the Degree of Expectedness show someone’s traits

A

How much of a departure from the social norm is this?

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18
Q

How do Intended Effects show someone’s traits

A

What does one expect to achieve through their behaviours?
- acts that produce many desirable outcomes are less telling than those that produce few

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19
Q

Covariation Principle

A

In order for something to be the cause of a behaviour, it must be present when the behaviour occurs and absent when it doesn’t

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20
Q

Covariation theory

A

Covariation Theory
+ 3 types of covariation:
- Consensus
- Distinctiveness
- Consistency

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21
Q

Consensus Covariation

A

How much someone is affected by other peoples’ opinions
- high consensus = more effected by others’ opinions

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22
Q

Distinctiveness covariation

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A

How someone’s overall opinions about other things effect their views
- high distinctiveness is when one is critical of other things and appreciates uniqueness

23
Q

Consistency covariation

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A

How someone’s opinion is affected by context and holds up over time
- high in consistency is when someone likes something all of the time

24
Q

System 1 thought

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A

Quick, easy, and automatic thought
- like intuition

25
System 2 thought
More careful thought that takes longer and is more cognitively taxing - more reasoned
26
Availability Heuristic
Tendency to estimate odds of an event in reference to how easily one can think of it happening - sorta causes the False Consensus Effect
27
False consensus effect
the tendency to overestimate how much others share the same beliefs - caused by the availability heuristic (it's easier to think of people following your own path of logic)
28
Base Rate Fallacy
People are less effected by basic probability than by graphic imagery - One will still be afraid of plane crashes because they're gruesome and shocking, even though they are highly unlikely
29
Counterfactual thinking
how people's emotions are impacted by what COULD HAVE HAPPENED, rather than what did - mostly regrets - also can affect how people define their biggest influences * bronze medalists are happier than silver medalists because their obvious alternative is worse
30
Fundamental Attribution Error
Tendency to overestimate personal factors and underestimate the role of situational factors - e.g. more likely to act on implicit bias when cognitive resources are drained * trivia show study (people think the hosts are smart, even when they don't write the questions)
31
Two step model of Attribution
First step: automatic, immediate, usually personal Second step: Requires conscious thought, less common
32
Relational Mobility
How much freedom and opportunity a society provides to form new ties and break old ones based on personal preference
33
Cultural effects on attribution
- Fundamental attribution error is actually more common in collectivist societies - relational mobility - religious beliefs - The effects of folk theories on human causality (thieves can't read) - Individualists and collectivists are equally likely to notice focal figures, but individualists are less likely to notice details about the background
34
Motivational Biases
- Wishful Seeing - Need for self esteem bias - belief in a just world
35
Wishful Seeing
people see what they want to see * people were more likely to see B or 13 if they were told they'd get orange juice for seeing a letter or number respectively
36
Need for Self Esteem Bias
- Self Favouring Attributions are extremely common - people take more credit for Success than for failure - Illusion of Objectivity in one's own perceptions and reasoning
37
Illusion of objectivity
People typically believe that their own perceptions, opinions and values are correct, leading us to assume that anyone who disagrees is wrong
38
Belief in a Just World
People are more likely to think that everyone gets what they deserve, since that protects them from the possibility of bad luck - acts as a buffer against stress
39
Information Integration Theory
Impressions formed of others are based on a combination of: - Personal dispositions and the current state of the perceiver - a weighted average of the target person's characteristics
40
Perceiver Characteristics in impression formation
people use themselves as a standard/frame of reference when forming impressions - perceiver mood is also important
41
Priming
the tendency for frequently or recently used concepts to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new info - works best when we're not aware * after reading positive or negative trait words, people were more likely to associate others with those traits
42
5 Main Traits everyone is on a scale of
- Extroversion - emotional stability - openness to experience - agreeableness - conscientiousness
43
Trait negativity bias
Negative traits are generally weighed more heavily in making impressions than positive ones * people are faster to detect negative subliminal words than positive ones
44
Innuendo effect
negative information is inherently implied by omissions - if someone is said to be high in warmth, we assume they are low in competence
45
Contextual factors of impression formation
- association with other people (are the other people attractive? well liked by the perceiver?) - implicit theories of personality - the order in which we hear the traits
46
Central traits
Imply the existence of other traits and have a stronger influence on final impressions - Warmth is a very central trait
47
Primacy effect
we tend to weigh earlier learned things as more important * people taking a test doing badly or well at first, those who did well at first were seen as more intelligent, and the
48
updating the primacy effect
we tend not to unless the information is: - extremely believable - extremely negative and diagnostic of someone's moral character
49
Morality
More important than warmth examples: - courageous, fair, principled, just, honest, trustworthy, and loyal
50
Confirmation bias
one's tendency to look for details that confirm their beliefs and overlook ones that don't
51
Belief Perseverence
we tend to retain our initial beliefs even in spite of contrary new information - can be reduced by asking people to consider why an alternative theory might be true
52
Self Fulfilling Prophecy
How a perceiver's expectation can often lead to its own fulfillment *Late bloomers study (teachers told students were on the verge of an academic growth spurt) - massive role in social anxiety and other insecurities
53
Implicit egotism
we like people who remind us of ourselves, and things we see in ourselves
54
the IKEA effect
things that we make ourselves come to be seen as a symbol of our competence, which makes us like them more

PSYC215 (9 decks)

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