Ch. 5 - Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Question 1

Sexism

Answer 1

Gender stereotypes and prejudice
- prescriptive rather than descriptive
- institutional and cultural practices promoting one gender’s dominance

Question 2

Racism

Answer 2

discrimination/prejudice towards racial outgroups

Question 3

Stereotypes

Answer 3

Beliefs and attitudes about an outgroup, linking them with specific traits
- not necessarily negative

Question 4

Prejudice

Answer 4

Specifically negative beliefs and attitudes about others because of connection to a social group

Question 5

Discrimination

Answer 5

Negative behaviours towards others due to perceived links with a social group

Question 6

Modern Racism

Answer 6

Performed in situations of little accountability
- subtle and potentially ambiguous, but are prevalent in wider analysis
- study on

Question 7

aversive racism

Answer 7

Fair minded attitudes, but unconscious and unrecognized prejudice

Question 8

Moral Credentials

Answer 8

Are examples of virtue established to prevent others from thinking that one is prejudiced

Question 9

implicit racism

Answer 9

Unconscious and unintentional racism that reflects the views of the society one lives in
- Found using IAT

Question 10

IAT

Answer 10

Implicit association test:
A test measuring the difficulty one has with associating different ideas with each other (e.g. flowers and pretty things as opposed to insects and pretty things)
-

Question 11

Metastereotypes

Answer 11

Thoughts about the stereotypes of one’s own group, and avoiding or conforming with them

Question 12

Ambivalent sexism

Answer 12

Made up of hostile and benevolent sexism

Question 13

hostile sexism

Answer 13

Negative feelings to women’s abilities, value and challenge to men’s power

Question 14

Benevolent Sexism

Answer 14

Patronizing, feeling that women need protection

Question 15

Stigmatization

Answer 15

Persistent devaluation of a person or group due to prejudice and discrimination
- can also be caused by patronizing positive feedback

Question 16

Stereotype threat

Answer 16

Fear of conforming to or being negatively evaluated based on the stereotypes of one’s group
- pioneered by Claude Steele in 1997
- Study e.g. - difficult test defined as either a problem solving test unrelated to ability, or a test of intellectual ability

Question 17

Social Identity threats

Answer 17

The general threat of one’s social group being devalued
- kind of like a broader definition of stereotype threat, made by Claude Steele

Question 18

Disidentification

Answer 18

Dismissing something as irrelevant to one’s self esteem
- can happen to avoid stress caused by stereotype threat

Question 19

Social categorization

Answer 19

Classification of persons into groups based on common attributes
- e.g. people tend to see racially ambiguous faces more negatively when labeled as black

Question 20

Ingroups

Answer 20

Groups that one Identifies with

Question 21

Outgroups

Answer 21

Groups that one doesn’t belong to

Question 22

Outgroup Homogeneity effect

Answer 22

People assume others within an outgroup are all more or less the same

Question 23

Dehumanization

Answer 23

Viewing outgroup members as less than human and more like animals or objects
- reduced empathy for outgroup members

Question 24

Identity Fusion

Answer 24

The oneness people feel with their ingroup

Question 25

Terror Management Theory

Answer 25

In the face of a mortal threat, people become more isolated to their ingroups - E.g. Anti-Muslim sentiment after 9/11

Question 26

Social Dominance Orientation

Answer 26

Frame of mind where one wants to see their own ingroup as dominant over others - Promotes self interest

Question 27

System Justification Theory

Answer 27

People with beliefs that justify the current social system support the status quo - Doesn't necessarily promote self interest - can lead to outgroup favoritism

Question 28

Robber's Cave Experiment

Answer 28

- 1954 - two seperate camp groups introduced to each other in competition - eventually came to like each other by working towards a superordinate goal

Question 29

Superordinate Goals

Answer 29

Mutual goals only attainable through cooperation

Question 30

Realistic Conflict theory

Answer 30

The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources (can be perceived, not necessarily real)

Question 31

Relative Deprivation Theory

Answer 31

Resentment due to perceived inequality between groups - motivated by limited resources

Question 32

Minimal groups

Answer 32

People being categorized in terms of minimally important similarities - Overestimators vs. underestimators study

Question 33

Ingroup Favoritism

Answer 33

Favouring a group solely due to one's own membership

Question 34

Social Identity Theory

Answer 34

Ingroup Favouritism is motivated by enhancing self esteem (Two components: Personal Identity and Social Identity) - often results in inflation of ingroups and derogation of outgroups

Question 35

Collectivist view of Social identity

Answer 35

- more likely to value interdependence, and be more connected to social identities - narrower circle of trust than individualists - less likely to enhance ingroups to boost self esteem - more open to contradictions, like bad members of an ingroup

Question 36

Social Role theory

Answer 36

Sex differences are magnified by social roles men and women tend to fill Three Steps: - division of labour between resources and housekeeping - people tend to behave more like the roles they play (men more likely to wield power) - leads to a more dominant and submissive perception of men and women

Question 37

Stereotype Content Model

Answer 37

Stereotypes often vary on two Dimensions: Warmth and Competence - often a trade off between one or the other, but it's possible to be high or low on both

Question 38

Competence Stereotypes

Answer 38

Influenced by the relative status of a given group in society - Higher status = Higher competence

Question 39

Warmth Stereotypes

Answer 39

Influenced by perceived competition with others

Question 40

Subtyping

Answer 40

Creating a smaller stereotype - E.g. Career-oriented Women are perceived as high competence and low warmth, the opposite of the normal stereotype - people would rather subtype or call someone an exception than make adjustments to

Question 41

illusory Correlation

Answer 41

Overestimating the link between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated

Question 42

Sublimal Presentation

Answer 42

Presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people are not consciously aware of exposure - used to prove Automatic Stereotype activation

Question 43

Automatic Stereotype activation

Answer 43

Stereotypes can be automatically made associations - one doesn't have to believe stereotypes to have such associations

Question 44

Shooter Bias

Answer 44

- A study by Keith Payne demonstrating peoples' higher likelyhood to misidentify harmless objects as guns when subliminally primed with a black face

Question 45

Contact hypothesis

Answer 45

Direct contact between hostile groups reduces prejudice, but only under certain conditions - enhancing knowledge of the outgroup - reduces anxiety about intergroup contact - increases empathy and perspective

Question 46

Indirect/extended Contact effect

Answer 46

having a friend with an intergroup friendship also decreases prejudice by proxy

Question 47

Jigsaw classroom example

Answer 47

Students are split into small groups and learned a part of the overall subject, and then taught the students of other groups - reduces competitiveness and integrates students of different academic achievement and backgrounds

Question 48

Common Ingroup Identity model

Answer 48

If members of different groups recategorize themselves as members of a larger, superordinate group, the intergroup relations may improve

Question 49

Ways of reducing stereotype threat

Answer 49

Promoting trust and safety in the situation - e.g. critic clarifying that he has high standards but believes that the students can achieve them Promoting a sense of belonging - e.g. women in STEM example from Ch. 1 positive role models from one's own ingroup

Question 50

What effects self control over prejudice?

Answer 50

- Drained cognitive resources (inebriation, fatigue, etc.) - motivation (internal is better than external, also the case with the wording of anti-prejudiced messages)

Question 51

Internal Motivation

Answer 51

Motivated by self amelioration

Question 52

External Motivation

Answer 52

Motivated by their own self image as seen by others

Question 53

Self Regulation of Prejudiced Responses model

Answer 53

internally motivated people are better at controlling prejudices over time