Ch 4 Powerpoint Flashcards
What is consciousness?
Awareness of internal and external stimuli such as feelings of hunger and pain or detection of light.
Define wakefulness.
High levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior.
What is a biological rhythm?
An internal cycle of biological activity including fluctuations of body temperature, menstrual cycle, and levels of alertness.
What is circadian rhythm?
Biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.
What generates the circadian rhythm?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
What is the role of the hypothalamus in biological rhythms?
Maintaining homeostasis, the tendency to maintain a balance within a biological system.
What regulates the sleep-wake cycle?
The brain’s control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world.
What is melatonin?
A hormone released by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles, stimulated by darkness, and inhibited by daylight.
What are jet lag symptoms?
Fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia.
What is sleep debt?
Result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis.
What is sleep rebound?
A sleep-deprived individual will tend to take a shorter time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep.
What are the sleep needs for newborns (0-3 months)?
Recommended: 14–17 hours; May be appropriate: 11–13 hours; Not recommended: fewer than 11 hours or more than 19 hours.
What characterizes Stage 1 sleep?
Transitional phase between wakefulness and sleep, with alpha waves.
What are sleep spindles?
Rapid bursts of high-frequency brainwaves during Stage 2 sleep.
What are delta waves?
Low frequency, high amplitude brainwaves associated with slow-wave sleep.
What occurs during REM sleep?
Rapid eye movements, paralysis of voluntary muscles, and dreams.
What is a hypnogram?
A diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep.
What did Sigmund Freud believe about dreams?
Dreams are a way to gain access to the unconscious, with manifest content and latent content.
Define insomnia.
Difficulty falling or staying asleep for at least 3 nights a week for at least one month.
What are parasomnias?
Unwanted motor behavior/experiences throughout the sleep cycle, including sleepwalking and night terrors.
What is sleep apnea?
Occurs when individuals stop breathing during sleep, leading to repeated disruptions in sleep.
What is narcolepsy?
An irresistible urge to fall asleep during waking hours, often triggered by stress.
What is substance use disorder?
A compulsive pattern of drug use despite negative consequences.
What are stimulants?
Drugs that increase overall levels of neural activity, often dopamine agonists.
