Ch 6 Powerpoint

Question 1

What are unlearned behaviors?

Answer 1

Instincts and reflexes

Instincts and reflexes are innate behaviors that organisms are born with, helping them adapt to their environment.

Question 2

Define reflexes.

Answer 2

Motor/neural reactions to a specific stimulus

Reflexes involve specific body parts and primitive centers of the CNS, such as the spinal cord and medulla.

Question 3

What are instincts?

Answer 3

Behaviors triggered by a broader range of events

Instincts are more complex than reflexes and involve the movement of the organism as a whole.

Question 4

How is learning defined?

Answer 4

A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience

Learning involves acquiring skills and knowledge through both conscious and unconscious processes.

Question 5

What is associative learning?

Answer 5

When an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment.

Question 6

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 6

Process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events.

Question 7

Who discovered classical conditioning?

Answer 7

Ivan Pavlov.

Question 8

What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

Answer 8

Stimulus that elicits a reflexive response.

Question 9

What is an unconditioned response (UCR)?

Answer 9

A natural unlearned reaction to a stimulus.

Question 10

What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?

Answer 10

Stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response.

Question 11

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

Answer 11

Stimulus that elicits a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 12

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

Answer 12

The behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus.

Question 13

Define higher-order conditioning.

Answer 13

An established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, leading to the new stimulus also eliciting the conditioned response.

Question 14

What is acquisition in classical conditioning?

Answer 14

The initial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 15

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

Answer 15

Decrease in the conditioned response when the UCS is no longer presented with the CS.

Question 16

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 16

The return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period.

Question 17

What is stimulus discrimination?

Answer 17

When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar.

Question 18

What is stimulus generalization?

Answer 18

When an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 19

What is habituation?

Answer 19

Learning not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change.

Question 20

Who was John B. Watson?

Answer 20

A psychologist who used classical conditioning principles in the study of human emotion.

Question 21

What was the Little Albert study?

Answer 21

A study where Little Albert was conditioned to fear furry stimuli.

Question 22

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 22

A theory proposed by B.F. Skinner where organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequences.

Question 23

What does the law of effect state?

Answer 23

Pleasant consequences increase the likelihood of a behavior, while unpleasant consequences decrease it.

Question 24

Define positive reinforcement.

Answer 24

Something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 25

Define negative reinforcement.

Answer 25

Something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 26

What is positive punishment?

Answer 26

Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 27

What is negative punishment?

Answer 27

Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 28

What is shaping?

Answer 28

A tool used in operant conditioning to reward successive approximations of a target behavior.

Question 29

What are primary reinforcers?

Answer 29

Reinforcers that have innate qualities, such as food and water.

Question 30

What are secondary reinforcers?

Answer 30

Reinforcers that have no inherent value and gain value through association with primary reinforcers.

Question 31

What is continuous reinforcement?

Answer 31

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior.

Question 32

What is partial reinforcement?

Answer 32

The organism does not get reinforced every time they display the desired behavior.

Question 33

Define fixed interval schedule.

Answer 33

Reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intervals.

Question 34

Define variable interval schedule.

Answer 34

Reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals.

Question 35

Define fixed ratio schedule.

Answer 35

Reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses.

Question 36

Define variable ratio schedule.

Answer 36

Reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses.

Question 37

What is latent learning?

Answer 37

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it.

Question 38

What is a cognitive map?

Answer 38

A mental picture of the layout of an environment.

Question 39

What is observational learning?

Answer 39

Learning that occurs by observing the behavior of others.

Question 40

What did Tolman find about rats in a maze?

Answer 40

Rats use cognitive maps to navigate through a maze.

Question 41

What is observational learning?

Answer 41

Learning by watching others and then imitating.

Question 42

Define 'model' in the context of observational learning.

Answer 42

The individual performing the imitated behavior.

Question 43

How do yoga students learn according to the observational learning concept?

Answer 43

By observation as their instructor demonstrates correct stances and movements.

Question 44

What is symbolic modeling?

Answer 44

Learning a behavior by watching someone demonstrate it on television.

Question 45

Who proposed the social learning theory?

Answer 45

Albert Bandura.

Question 46

What is the first step in the modeling process?

Answer 46

Attention – focus on the behavior.

Question 47

What is the second step in the modeling process?

Answer 47

Retention – remember what you observed.

Question 48

What is the third step in the modeling process?

Answer 48

Reproduction – be able to perform the behavior.

Question 49

What is the fourth step in the modeling process?

Answer 49

Motivation – must want to copy the behavior.

Question 50

What does motivation depend on in the modeling process?

Answer 50

What happened to the model.

Question 51

Define vicarious reinforcement.

Answer 51

Process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making imitation more likely.

Question 52

Define vicarious punishment.

Answer 52

Process where the observer sees the model punished, making imitation less likely.

Question 53

What was the focus of Bandura's Bobo doll experiment?

Answer 53

Modeling of aggressive and violent behaviors.

Question 54

What were the children in the Bobo doll experiment allowed to do after observing adults?

Answer 54

Play with the Bobo doll.

Question 55

What effect did seeing an adult punished have on children's behavior towards the Bobo doll?

Answer 55

They were less likely to act aggressively.

Question 56

What effect did seeing an adult praised or ignored have on children's behavior towards the Bobo doll?

Answer 56

They were more likely to imitate the adult.

Question 57

What conclusion did Bandura reach from his study?

Answer 57

Children watch and learn from adults, which can have prosocial and antisocial consequences.

Question 58

True or False: There is a correlation between watching violence and aggression in children.

Answer 58

True.