Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > Ch. 4: Prokaryotic cells > Flashcards

Ch. 4: Prokaryotic cells Flashcards

(59 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Mycoplasmas lack a ____________

A

cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which of the three domains includes organisms that would be most likely to survive the environmental conditions that existed on Earth nearly 4 billion years ago?

A

Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The outcome of the Gram stain is based on differences in the __________________

A

cell wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bacterial flagella are made primarily of:

A

flagellin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called __________

A

pili.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A bacterial cell exhibiting chemotaxis probably has

A

flagella.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called

A

periplasmic flagella (axial filaments).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

___________ do not have the typical peptidoglycan structure found in bacterial cell walls.

A

Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A prokaryotic cell wall with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is gram _________

A

POSITIVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Peptidoglycan is a unique macromolecule found in bacterial ________________

A

cell walls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

periplasmic space

A

the space between the plasma membrane and the cell wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lipopolysaccharide is an important outer membrane component of

_______________________________

A

gram-negative bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What unit of measure is most appropriate for expressing the size of bacteria?

A

micrometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Prokaryotes have been around for roughly:

A

4 billion years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which cell structure is an important component in modern genetic engineering techniques?

A

plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bacterial endospores are not produced by

A

Staphylococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tetrads are comprised of:

A

cocci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Staphylococcus refers to:

A

spherical cells in clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The small subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome is called ____________.

A

30S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The most immediate result of destruction of a cell’s ribosomes would be

A

protein synthesis would stop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the major structures of all bacteria

A

-cell (cytoplasmic) membrane: thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds cytoplasm
-bacterial chromosome or nucleoid: condensed

DNA molecules; contains genetic info and codes for all proteins

-ribosomes; protein synthesis sites

-cytoplasm: water-based solution filling the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Differentiate between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

A

-Eukaryotic cells found in animals, plants, fungi
-have organelles.

-prokaryotic cells only in bacteria and archaea
-do not have organelles or true nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the major cell extensions of prokaryotic cells?

A

Flagella

periplasmic flagella AKA axial filaments

Fimbriae

Pili

S Layer

Glycocalyx: Slime layer & capsule

Biofilm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 2 separate functions of cell extensions of prokayoritic cells?

Study These Flashcards
A

Swimming or attachment

25
(prokaryotic) flagella
-bacterial motility/propellers. -spin counter clockwise, propel bacteria through liquid. -Very thin, can’t see without electron microscope. -Has filament made of flagellin. -Can differ in number and arrangement. -bacterial swimming - runs or tumbles. Run- from point A to B. Tumbling- somersaulting in space.
26
Periplasmic flagella AKA axial filaments
2+ long coiled threads only in spirochete bacteria -wrap around cell -bend, twist, flex
27
Fimbriae
small, bristle-like fibers emerging from the surface of many bacterial cells. -Stick to each other and surfaces. -provides adhesion, not locomotion
28
pili and what is it made of?
-in gram-negative bacteria -made of protein pilin. -Help cells stick to things; DNA exchange during bacterial conjugation. -Can send some genes through pili to another cell.
29
S Layer
protective layer made of single protein for protection.
30
Glycocalyx composition, function & 2 types
-made of many polysaccharides -Function: protect (from dehydration), attachment to surfaces, coat cells ---2 types 1) Slime layer: loose water shield, can be easily washed off 2) Capsule: thicker, bound tightly to cell, protect from dehydration and phagocytosis
31
Biofilm
slimy layers of microorganisms that stick to each other and wet surfaces. -They may cause up to 80 percent of infections.
32
Gram + VS Gram - Cell Envelopes
Gram Positive -many thick layers of peptidoglycan cell wall -lack an outer membrane -has lipoteichoic and teichoic acid which increases wall flexibility Gram Negative -thin peptidoglycan cell wall -has outer membrane with lipopolysaccharide -has porin proteins
33
inclusion bodies
-aggregated proteins; storage bodies (sugars, nutrients, gases…). -Membrane-bound Not an organelle.
34
What are the major internal components of the prokaryotic cell?
Nucleoid Bacterial chromosome Plasmids Inclusion bodies Granules Bacterial cytoskeleton (not all) Ribosomes
35
chemotaxis
tendency of cells to move in response to a chemical gradient (Toward attractant or to avoid an adverse stimuli)
36
cell membrane
thin sheet of lipids and proteins that surround cytoplasm and control flow of materials in and out of cell
37
cell wall
outer covering of the cell
38
lysis
physical rupture or deterioration of a cell
39
nucleoid
region in prokaryotic cell with the most genetic material
40
plasmids
small, double-stranded DNA molecule containing extra genes
41
endospore [what is it? name some examples]
small, dormant, resistant derivative of a bacterial cell that germinates under favorable growth conditions into a vegetative cell -more so a life stage ex) Clostridiodes difficile: diarrhea, paralyzes you Clostridium botulinum- toxin Clostridium tetani- tetanus, can’t relax muscle Clostridium perfringens (happend in war from bullets)
42
coccus
spherical shaped bacterial cells (diplo-, tetrad, strepto-, and staphylo-)
43
bacillus
rod-shaped/ cylindrical cell shape
44
spirillum
has a rigid spiral shape and external flagella -only 2-3 rotations; rotate like a corkscrew
45
spirochete
a coiled, spiral-shaped bacterium with endo flagella; axial filaments AKA periplasmic flagella wrapped around the cell. -bends/flexes as it moves -have 6-12 twists
46
bacterial cytoskeleton
(not in all bacteria) -stabilize cell shape, help cell division, cell and molecule motility. -Made of actin filaments.
47
Ribosomes and 3 types
protein synthesis. -If actively synthesizing proteins, it is 70S. (Both units together). -large subunit is 50S. -small subunit is 30S.
48
vibrio
curve/comma shape
49
-obligate intracellular parasites: 2 examples?
rely on 3d organism as a carrier -Rickettsia (rocky mountain spotted fever) & chlamydia.
50
2 types of photosynthetic bacteria
-cyanobacteria; photosynthesis, can produce oxygen; blue-green algae. Help break down rock to soil for other organisms ; important ; still around today -fossils: stromatolites
51
Purple sulfur bacteria:
use sulfur for metabolism; capable of photosynthesis
52
Myxobacterium:
gliding bacteria that can form fruiting bodies -Occur in soil.
53
Halophiles: and their cell wall?
cell wall may be made of polysaccharides or proteins, or missing (not made of peptidoglycan) -extreme environments not for human life (salt loving, like in salt ponds)
54
Thermophiles
grows best at very high temp. Live in underwater volcanos
55
methanogens:
make or generate methane -live in swamps, lakes, oceans, digestive tracts of cows, trap heat in atmosphere, climate change. -Mainly added thru cow burps. [also, may be on mars]
56
Which domain are these: protozoa, algae, slime molds, animals, fungi
Eukarya
57
Which domain are these: crenarchaeota, nanoarchaeota, euryacheota
Archaea
58
Which domain are these: spirochaetes, planctomycetes, chlamydiae, cyanobacteria, chlorobi, bacteriocytes, proteobacteria, firmicutes, actinobacteria, aquificae, thermotogae
bacteria
59
the first life on earth 4 billion years ago lived where?
deep in the ocean near sulfur geothermal ocean vents (underwater volcanoes deep in the ocean) [today, archaea live there]

Microbiology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions