Ch. 4 Study Guide

Question 1

A tissue is composed of similarly specialized ____ that perform a common function in the body. The tissues of the human body can be categorized into four major types.

Answer 1

Cells

Question 2

____ tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities such as the respiratory tract and endocrine glands.

Answer 2

Epithelial

Question 3

____ tissue binds and supports body parts and is the most diverse type of tissue found in the human body. ____ tissue may be represented by such diverse structures as bone, cartilage, or blood.

Answer 3

Connective

Question 4

____ tissue moves the body and its parts.

Answer 4

Muscular

Question 5

____ tissue receives stimuli, processes that information, and conducts nerve impulses.

Answer 5

Nervous

Question 6

Epithellal tissue

Answer 6

External and internal linings of many organs

Question 7

Connective tissue

Answer 7

Blinds organs together: provides support

Question 8

Muscle tissue

Answer 8

Contracts and moves body parts

Question 9

Nervous tissue

Answer 9

Receives and conducts information

Question 10

Fibrous connective tissue

Answer 10

Includes loose, dense, and adipose tissues - Protects internal organs; forms tendons and ligaments

Question 11

Supportive connective tissue

Answer 11

Flexible cartilage - Rigid bone providing leverage for movement and structure

Question 12

Fluid connective tissue

Answer 12

Blood that transports oxygen and nutrients - Lymph that contains white blood cells

Question 13

Bone

Answer 13

Hard matrix - Contains protein fibers coated with calcium salts - Matrix formed by osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 14

Cartilage

Answer 14

Hyaline and elastic are two types - Flexible matrix formed by chondroblasts and chondrocytes

Question 15

Lymph

Answer 15

Comes from fluids surrounding the tissues - Cleansed at nodes that contain white blood cells

Question 16

Blood

Answer 16

Helps distribute heat - Transports nutrients and oxygen to tissue fluids - Hemoglobin makes it appear red - Removes carbon dioxide and other wastes from tissue fluid - Plays a role in fluid, ion, and pH balance

Question 17

The first specimen has branching cells that are striated in appearance. Each contains a nucleus. This is most likely ___ muscle.

The second specimen was taken from the upper thigh. It is most likely ___ muscle.

The third specimen was taken from the digestive tract. It is most likely ____ muscle.

The fourth specimen is striated and contains numerous nuclei per muscle cell. It is most likely ____ muscle.

The fifth specimen has spindle-shaped cells, each with their own nucleus. It is most likely ___ muscle.

The sixth specimen was taken from heart tissue, specifically the wall of the aorta. It is most likely ___ muscle.

Answer 17

Cardiac

Skeletal

Smooth

Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

Question 18

Skeletal muscle

Answer 18

Voluntary muscle - Individual cells have multiple nuclei - Found in muscles attached bones - Aids in voluntary body movements

Question 19

Smooth muscle

Answer 19

One cell, one nucleus - No striation - Involuntary muscle - Composed of spindle-shaped cells

Question 20

Cardiac muscle

Answer 20

Involuntary muscle - Found only in the walls of the heart - Composed of branching, striated cells - Individual cells have a single nucleus

Question 21

Neurons

Answer 21

Nerve cells - Dendrites + a cell body + an axon - Receive signals from sensory receptors and conduct nerve impulses

Question 22

Neuroglia cells

Answer 22

Cells that support and nourish nerve cells - Take up more than half the volume of the brain - Examples found in the brain include microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes

Question 23

Epithelial cells form continuous layers of ____ cells. Because of this, epithelial tissue functions in ____ by covering surfaces and lining body cavities, but it can be modified for ____ or absorption.

Answer 23

Tightly-packed, protection, secretion

Question 24

All epithelial cells are exposed to the environment on one side and bound by the ____ on the other side.

Answer 24

basement membrane

Question 25

This membrane is composed of a thin layer of various types of carbohydrates and proteins to connect the epithelial cells to underlying ____.

Answer 25

connective tissue

Question 26

Simple squamous

Answer 26

Only a single layer of cells - lining of lungs and blood vessels - Protects and permits exchange of substances

Question 27

Stratified squamous

Answer 27

Lines the nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal, and vagina - Protects with multiple layers of cells

Question 28

Simple cuboidal

Answer 28

Absorbs muscle - Only a single layer of cells - Lining of kidneys tubules and various glands

Question 29

Simple columnar

Answer 29

Absorbs nutrients - Only a single layer of cells - Lines the digestive tract and uterine tubes

Question 30

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Answer 30

Sweeps impurities toward throat - Lines trachea - Appears to be laid but true layers do not exist

Question 31

Functions of Skin

Answer 31

Detects information regarding our surroundings - acts to detoxify cells - transmits signals to and from the spinal cord - assists in movement - prevents loss of water - acts as a barrier to pathogen entry - protects underlying tissue

Question 32

Dermis

Answer 32

The collagen and elastic fibers in this region decrease over time, causing wrinkling - Dense fibrous connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers - The primary location of sensory receptors - Contains blood vessels that nourish skin - This region contains fibers that prevent skin from being torn

Question 33

Epidermis

Answer 33

Specialized cells deep in this region stimulate the immune system - A region of stratified squamous epithelium - Cells in this region produce melanin - Contains stem cells which are the source of new skin cells - The outermost layer of this region consists of flat, hardened skin cells - This region is water proof because its outer cells produce keratin

Question 34

The human body maintains a ____ internal environment by adjusting physiological processes.

Answer 34

Relatively constant

Question 35

The control of the internal environment can be referred to as ____ and can be observed through the ____ range of the body's pH, temperature, and blood glucose levels.

Answer 35

Homeostasis, narrow

Question 36

Though body conditions ____ fluctuate, they do not go beyond a certain range. If they do, illness results.

Answer 36

Slightly

Question 37

Homeostasis

Answer 37

ability to maintain constant internal conditions.

Question 38

A mechanism that brings about body condition changes ____ is called positive feedback.

Answer 38

in the same direction

Question 39

For example, when a woman is giving birth, contractions cause the baby's head to press against the cervix, activating the ____.

Answer 39

sensor

Question 40

The sensor activates nerve impulses that reach the ____ in the brain, which in turn, sends a signal that causes further contractions.

Answer 40

control center

Question 41

In this manner, positive feedback results in a(n) ____ in the initial stimulus, whereas negative feedback results in a(n) ____ in the initial stimulus.

Answer 41

increase, decrease

Question 42

The ____ is an organ of the cardiovascular system, while the respiratory system includes the ____.

Answer 42

heart, lungs

Question 43

The cardiovascular system transports nutrients absorbed by the digestive system, which includes the ____ , liver, and intestines.

Answer 43

Stomach

Question 44

The ___ are part of the immune system, which defends against infectious diseases and interacts with the cardiovascular system to maintain fluid homeoastsis.

Answer 44

lymph vessels

Question 45

The nervous system consists of the nerves, spinal cord, and ____, where information integration occurs.

Answer 45

Brain

Question 46

Nerves conduct impulses to the ____ of the muscular system and ____ of the endocrine system.

Answer 46

muscles, glands

Question 47

The skeletal system includes the ____ and functions in mineral storage, movement, and protection. The integumentary system consists of the ____ and also plays role in protection.

Answer 47

bones, skin

Question 48

The ____ are part of the urinary system, which functions in fluid and pH homeostasis along with the cardiovascular system.

Answer 48

Kidneys

Question 49

Specialized cells that work together to perform a common function are called

Answer 49

tissues

Question 50

Which type of epithelial tissue lines the air sacs and permits the exchange of gases?

Answer 50

squamous epithelium

Question 51

Which statement best describes simple squamous epithelium?

Answer 51

flattened cells that form a permeable barrier

Question 52

Bone cancer and other cancers of connective tissue are called

Answer 52

sarcomas

Question 53

The three major components of connective tissue are

Answer 53

cells, ground substance, and protein fibers.

Question 54

What protein provides flexibility and strength to connective tissues?

Answer 54

collagen

Question 55

What are the two forms of fibrous connective tissue?

Answer 55

loose fibrous and dense fibrous

Question 56

The student was looking at a tissue under a microscope. It had cells within lacunae, and the matrix was glassy-looking. What type of tissue were they looking at?

Answer 56

cartilage

Question 57

The patient slipped a disk in his back. The doctor explained to the family that the intervertebral disks are composed of

Answer 57

fibrocartilage

Question 58

What characteristic can be used to differentiate between bone and cartilage?

Answer 58

the flexibility of the matrix

Question 59

Which types of blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen?

Answer 59

red blood cells

Question 60

The best description of the two components of blood is

Answer 60

formed elements and plasma

Question 61

Which types of cells are found within lymph?

Answer 61

white blood cells

Question 62

Which component of blood would increase as a result of an infection?

Answer 62

leukocytes

Question 63

The stripes in skeletal muscle are due to the presence of

Answer 63

actin and myosin filaments

Question 64

In turning a page of a book, you would mainly be using what type of tissue?

Answer 64

skeletal muscle

Question 65

The specialized cells in the nervous system that serve to conduct a signal are known as

Answer 65

neurons

Question 66

What type of tissue receives sensory input, integrates data, and conducts impulses?

Answer 66

nervous tissue

Question 67

When you put your hand on a hot stove, ________ receive signals from sensory receptors or other neurons and ________ conduct nerve impulses.

Answer 67

dendrites; axons

Question 68

What type of cells function to nourish and support neurons?

Answer 68

neuroglia

Question 69

In epithelial tissues, what serves to anchor the epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue?

Answer 69

basement membrane

Question 70

One of the dangers of smoking is that it disrupts the defensive system that utilizes ciliary action of what type of specialized epithelium?

Answer 70

pseudostratified epithelium

Question 71

The epithelial lining of the small intestine is modified for what function?

Answer 71

absorption

Question 72

Which type of tissue makes up the epidermis?

Answer 72

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 73

Which of the following is responsible for the waterproofing of skin?

Answer 73

Keratin

Question 74

Which layer of the skin is responsible for tanning?

Answer 74

epidermis

Question 75

Which body cavity contains the small and large intestines?

Answer 75

abdominal cavity

Question 76

What membrane is infected in meningitis?

Answer 76

lining of the brain and spinal cord

Question 77

The body's ability to maintain a relative constancy of its internal environment is called

Answer 77

homeostasis

Question 78

Sweating is a physiological process that seeks to maintain

Answer 78

body temperature

Question 79

Which body system does not play a role in helping maintain homeostasis?

Answer 79

All body systems help maintain homeostasis.

Question 80

If body temperature was controlled by a positive feedback mechanism, the body's temperature would continue to rise.

Answer 80

True

Question 81

With a negative feedback mechanism, the value in question will vary around a set point.

Answer 81

True

Question 82

Which level of biological organization is one level more complex than that of tissues?

Answer 82

organs

Question 83

Which organ system is primarily responsible for excretion of metabolic waste and maintaining fluid homeostasis?

Answer 83

urinary system

Question 84

Which organ system produces hormones and is responsible for regulation of metabolism and stress responses?

Answer 84

endocrine system

Question 85

The brain and the spinal cord are organs of what body system?

Answer 85

nervous system