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fundamentals & clinical procedures > Ch 4 - Vital Signs > Flashcards

Ch 4 - Vital Signs Flashcards

1
Q

body temperature is regulated by which part of the brain?

A

hypothalamus

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2
Q

how does the body produce heat?

A

voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions
digestion, cell metabolism when nutrients are broken down in the cell

fever and strong emotional states

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3
Q

how does the body lose heat?

A

urine, feces, water vapor during exhalation

perspiration is the excretion of moisture through the pores of the skin

moisture evaporates

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4
Q

definition of radiation

A

transfer of heat in the forms of waves; body heat is continually radiating into cooler surroundings

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5
Q

definition of conduction

A

the transfer of heat from one object to another by direct contact; heat can be transferred by conduction from the body to a cooler object it touches

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6
Q

definition of convection

A

transfer of heat through air currents; cool air currents can cause the body to lose heat

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7
Q

what is the body temperature range

A

97 - 99 F

36.1 - 37.2 C

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8
Q

what body temperatures indicate a fever?

A

greater than
100.4 F
38 C

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9
Q

pyrexia

A

fever

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10
Q

what temperature range constitute a low grade fever?

A

99 - 100.4 F

37.2 - 38 C

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11
Q

what temperature constitute hyperpyrexia?

A

greater than
105.8 F / 41 C

greater than 109.4 F / 43 C if generally fatal

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12
Q

what temperature is considered hypothermia?

A

below 97 F/ 36.1 C

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13
Q

list ten pulse sites

A 
radial
apical
brachial
ulnar
temporal
carotid
femoral
popliteal
posterior tibial
dorsalis pedis
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14
Q

crackles/rales

A

air moving through airways that contain fluid

dry or wet intermittent sounds that vary in pitch

audible only via stethoscope

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15
Q

rhonchi

A

thick secretions, tumors, spasms that partially obstruct air flow through large upper airways

deep, low-pitched, rumbling sound more audible during expiration

audible only via stethoscope

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16
Q

what are the four basic vital signs

A

TPR

temperature, pulse, respiration, BP

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17
Q

what factors affect vital signs

A

exercise, food and beverage consumption

smoking and emotional state

18
Q

how many degrees does body temperature vary throughout the day?

A

1 to 2 degrees Fahrenheit

19
Q

what influences variations in body temperature for different people

A 
Age
Diurnal variations - lowest temp in the mornings after we wake
Emotional States
Environment
Exercise
Pregnancy
PT's normal temp
20
Q

stages of a fever

A

onset - chills, increased pulse and respirations

course of a fever - continuous, intermittent, remittent
(PT feels malaise - vague sense of body discomfort, headache, weakness, fatigue)

subsiding stage - gradual or sudden/crisis when returning to normal PT usually perspires and dehydrated

21
Q

continuous fever

A

fluctuates minimally but always remains elevated

scarlet fever
pneumococcal pneumonia

22
Q

intermittent fever

A

body temp alternately rises and falls and at times returns to normal or becomes subnormal

bacterial infections
viral infections

23
Q

remittent fever

A

wide range of temperature fluctuations occur, all of which are above normal

influenza
pneumonia
endocarditis

24
Q

when to use axilla temperature

A

mostly for toddlers and preschoolers

for PT who breath with mouth or oral inflammation, oral surgery

25
Q

when to use rectal temperature

A

infants not newborns dt danger of rectal trauma
young children
unconscious patients
mouth breathers

26
Q

factors affecting pulse rate

A

age, gender, physical activity, emotional status, metabolism, medications, fever

women have a slightly faster pulse than men

27
Q

pulse rate of infant

A

120-160

28
Q

pulse rate of toddler

A

90-140

29
Q

pulse rate of preschooler

A

80-110

30
Q

pulse rate of school age child

A

75-105

31
Q

pulse rate of adolescent - adult

A

60-100

32
Q

pulse rate of adult 60 +

A

67-80

33
Q

pulse rate of athletes

A

40-60

34
Q

how to measure apical pulse

A

usually for infants and children up to 6 yrs

use stethoscope

35
Q

pulse deficit

A

when radial pulse rate is less than the apical pulse rate

not all heart beats are reaching peripheral arteries dt inefficient contraction of the heart

36
Q

pulse volume

A

strength of heartbeat

thready or strong

37
Q

control of respiration

A

medulla oblongata - involuntary control

to a certain extent voluntary

38
Q

dark red hemoglobin

A

oxygen poor

39
Q

controllable risk factors for hypertension

A 
obesity
sodium intake
lack of physical exercise
chronic stress
smoking
alcohol
40
Q

adventitious sounds

A

abnormal breath sounds

41
Q

athlete usually have bradycardia

A

true because their heart is strong and more efficient

fundamentals & clinical procedures (12 decks)

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