ch 40 Flashcards
(88 cards)
How do animals regulate their internal state even in changing or harsh environments?
they adapt in form, function, and behavior to help maintain internal environment
Form (anatomy)
insulating reduces heat loss
function (physiology)
shivering produces heat
behavior
packing together reduces exposure
anatomy (animals form)
biological structure, varies widely
physiology
- biological function
- structure and function are correlated, examining anatomy often provides clues to physiology
the body shape of an animal is programmed by the _______
genome
what is a genome
a complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism
what limit the range of animal form
physical laws that govern strength, diffusion, movement and heat exchange
what is an example of a physical law
properties of water
(water is 1,000 times denser than air and far more viscous. The bumps on an animal’s body surface that cause drag impedes a swimmer more than a runner or flyer. )
_______ is the result in similar adaptations of diverse organisms facing the same challenge
convergent evolution
as animals increase in size what must also change
thicker skeletons are required for support of larger animal sizes
as bodies increase in size, __________ required for locomotion must represent an ever-larger fraction of the total body mass
the muscles
_______ transfers across the plasma membranes of animal cells
nutrients, waste products, and gases
rate of exchange is ______________
proportional to a cell’s surface area
the amount of material that must be exchanged is ______________
proportional to the cell’s volume
a multicellular organization only work if every cell has _________
has access to a suitable aqueous environment
multicellular organisms with a saclike body plan have body walls that are only two cells thick that ________
facilitate diffusion of materials
what evolutionary adaptions enable sufficient exchange with the environment
specialized, extensively branched or folded structures
interstitial fluid
fluid in the space between cells
what does a complex body plan help animals that live in a variable environment do
maintain` a relatively stable internal environment
tissues
groups of cells with similar appearances and a common function
organs
made up of tissues
organ systems
made up of organs
