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Bio 2 > ch 40 > Flashcards

ch 40 Flashcards

1
Q

How do animals regulate their internal state even in changing or harsh environments?

A

they adapt in form, function, and behavior to help maintain internal environment

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2
Q

Form (anatomy)

A

insulating reduces heat loss

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3
Q

function (physiology)

A

shivering produces heat

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4
Q

behavior

A

packing together reduces exposure

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5
Q

anatomy (animals form)

A

biological structure, varies widely

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6
Q

physiology

A
  • biological function
  • structure and function are correlated, examining anatomy often provides clues to physiology
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7
Q

the body shape of an animal is programmed by the _______

A

genome

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8
Q

what is a genome

A

a complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism

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9
Q

what limit the range of animal form

A

physical laws that govern strength, diffusion, movement and heat exchange

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10
Q

what is an example of a physical law

A

properties of water

(water is 1,000 times denser than air and far more viscous. The bumps on an animal’s body surface that cause drag impedes a swimmer more than a runner or flyer. )

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11
Q

_______ is the result in similar adaptations of diverse organisms facing the same challenge

A

convergent evolution

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12
Q

as animals increase in size what must also change

A

thicker skeletons are required for support of larger animal sizes

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13
Q

as bodies increase in size, __________ required for locomotion must represent an ever-larger fraction of the total body mass

A

the muscles

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14
Q

_______ transfers across the plasma membranes of animal cells

A

nutrients, waste products, and gases

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15
Q

rate of exchange is ______________

A

proportional to a cell’s surface area

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16
Q

the amount of material that must be exchanged is ______________

A

proportional to the cell’s volume

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17
Q

a multicellular organization only work if every cell has _________

A

has access to a suitable aqueous environment

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18
Q

multicellular organisms with a saclike body plan have body walls that are only two cells thick that ________

A

facilitate diffusion of materials

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19
Q

what evolutionary adaptions enable sufficient exchange with the environment

A

specialized, extensively branched or folded structures

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20
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fluid in the space between cells

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21
Q

what does a complex body plan help animals that live in a variable environment do

A

maintain` a relatively stable internal environment

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22
Q

tissues

A

groups of cells with similar appearances and a common function

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23
Q

organs

A

made up of tissues

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24
Q

organ systems

A

made up of organs

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25
Q

what organ belongs to more than one organ system

A

the pancrease

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26
Q

digestive system

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus

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27
Q

circulatory system

A

heart, blood vessels, blood

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28
Q

respiratory system

A

lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes

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29
Q

immune and lymphatic system

A

bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels

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30
Q

excretory system

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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31
Q

endocrine system

A

pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal and other hormone secretions

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32
Q

reproductive system

A

ovaries or testes, and associated organs

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33
Q

nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

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34
Q

integumentary system

A

skin and its derivatives (hair, claws, sweat glands)

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35
Q

skeletal system

A

skeleton (bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage)

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36
Q

muscular system

A

skeletal muscle

37
Q

four main types of tissues in animals

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

38
Q

epithelial tissue

A
  • covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body
  • contains cells that are closely packed
39
Q

what is the shape of epithelial cell

A

cuboidal, columnar or squamous

40
Q

cuboidal shape

A

like a dice

41
Q

columnar shape

A

like bricks lined up on ends

42
Q

squamous shape

A

like floor tiles

43
Q

connective tissue

A
  • hold many tissues and organs together and in place
  • contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix (consists of fibers in a liquid, jelly like)
44
Q

fibroblast

A
  • cell within connective tissue
  • secrete fiber proteins
45
Q

macrophages

A
  • cell within connective tissue
  • engulf foreign particles and cell debris by phagocytosis
46
Q

three types of connective tissue fibers

A
  • all made of proteins
  • collegenous
  • reticular
  • elastic
47
Q

collagenous fibers provide

A
  • type of connective tissue
  • strength and flexibility
  • connect with with reticular fibers and adjacent tissues
48
Q

elastic fibers have the ability to

A

stretch and snap back to their original length

49
Q

tendons attach _______ to _________

A

muscles, bones

50
Q

ligaments connect _____ to ______

A

bones, joints

51
Q

bone is _______ and forms the skeleton

A

mineralized

52
Q

adipose tissues

A

stores fat for insulation and fuel

53
Q

blood is composed of

A

blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma

54
Q

cartilage is

A

a strong and flexible support material

55
Q

muscle tissue is responsible for

A

nearly all types of body movement

56
Q

muscle cells consist of

A

filaments of the proteins actin and myosin, which in combination enable to muscles to contract

57
Q

skeletal muscles in the vertebrate body is divided into 3 types

A

skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

58
Q

skeletal muscle or striated muscle is responsible for

A

voluntary movements

59
Q

smooth muscle is responsible for

A

involuntary body activities

60
Q

cardiac muscle is responsible for

A

contraction of the heart

61
Q

nervous tissue functions in

A

the receipt, processing and transmission of information

62
Q

nervous tissue contains

A

neurons, and glial cells

63
Q

neurons are

A

nerve cells

64
Q

glial cells or glia are

A

support cells

65
Q

the endocrine system releases

A

signaling molecules that are carried to all locations of the body

66
Q

the nervous system transmits

A

information along dedicated routes, connecting specific locations in the body

67
Q

hormones are

A

signaling molecules that broadcast through the body by the endocrine system

68
Q

animals have two major systems for coordinating and controlling responses, what are they

A

the endocrine system and the nervous system

69
Q

hormones can remain in the bloodstream for how long

A

minutes to hours

70
Q

nerve impulses or signals in the nervous system travel to specific target cells along

A

communication lines consisting of mainly axons

71
Q

true or false: the endocrine system is well adapted for coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire body

A

true

72
Q

thermoregulation is the

A

internal temperature within normal range

73
Q

endothermic is

A
  • internal
  • in humans and other mammals
  • is regulated through metabolism
74
Q

ectothermic is

A
  • external
  • gets heat from the environment
75
Q

endotherms maintain a stable body temperature when

A

facing a fluctuation in the environmental temperatures

76
Q

poikilotherm is like a

A

ectotherm (not all are though!)

77
Q

homeotherms are

A

mammals

78
Q

radiation is

A
  • sun/heat exposure
  • emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects that are greater than one
79
Q

evaporation is

A
  • moisture that goes into the air
  • example: sweating, this is a response to the body overheating
80
Q

conduction is

A

the absorption of heat from a heat source

81
Q

convection is

A

wind that carries heat away from the heat source

82
Q

isulation reduces

A

the flow of heat between animals body and the environment, ex: skin, feathers, fur, blubber

83
Q

vasodilation is

A

the widening of blood vessels, near the surface of the skin to increase blood flow, used for warmth

84
Q

countercurrent exchange is

A

the heat transfer between fluids in opposite directions

85
Q

cooling by evaporative heat loss is

A

a response to over heating

86
Q

behavioral responses help to

A

control body temperature

87
Q

thermogenesis is

A

the adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature, increases muscular movement

88
Q

hypothalamus is

A

the sensors responsible for thermoregulation, concentrated in the region of the brain

Bio 2 (2 decks)

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