exam 2 Flashcards
(76 cards)
1
Q
what are the male reproductive organs of angiosperms
A
anther and filament
2
Q
what is an angiosperm
A
seed plants with reproductive called flowers or fruits
3
Q
what is a receptacle
A
a structure at the base of the flower that holds everything together
4
Q
what is a sepals
A
protecting the flower within
5
Q
sporophytes
A
diploid (2n) plants that produce haploid spores by meiosis (reproduction)
6
Q
gametophytes
A
haploid (n) plants that produce gametes (sperm and egg) by mitosis (cell division)
7
Q
in angiosperms, what is the dominant gerneration
A
sporophyte
8
Q
what are the three fs that characterized the life cycle of an angiosperm
A
flowers, fruits, double fertilization
9
Q
flowers are ____
A
reproductive shoots of the angiosperm
10
Q
what part of the stem do flowers attach to
A
receptacle
11
Q
what are the four main organs of flowers
A
carpels, stamens, petals and, sepals
12
Q
carpel
A
(megasporophyll) has long style with a sticky stigma on top that captures pollen
13
Q
pistil
A
a single carpel or group of fused carpels
14
Q
a stamen (microsporophyll) consists of a filament topped by a
A
anther
15
Q
complete flowers ____
A
contain all four floral organs
16
Q
incomplete flowers ____
A
lack one or more floral organs, ex: petals or stamens
17
Q
inflorescences
A
clusters of flowers
18
Q
coevolution
A
joint evolution of two or more interacting species
19
Q
the life cycle of an angiosperm is
A
perpetual, always in motion
20
Q
what is an example of microsporocytes
A
pollen
21
Q
when does double fertilization occur
A
only in female gametophytes
22
Q
embryo sac
A
or female gametophyte develops within the ovule
23
Q
fertilzation
A
the fusion of gametes, occurs after the two sperms reach the female gametophyte
24
Q
what does double fertilization ensure
A
the endosperm only develops in ovules containing fertilized eggs
25
true or false: plants react to stimuli
true, they slowly move/follow the path of the sun (east to west)
26
what are some factors that plants sense and respond to?
light, stresses from cold/hot, gravity (pulling downward), time (season/day) wounding, wind, drought/flooding
27
where in the nervous system within plants
it is located throughout the entire plant
28
what are plant hormones called
plant growth regulators: molecules that control one or more specific physiological processes within a plant
29
what are different types of pollinators
moths, butterflies, bees, flies , hummingbirds, bats
30
why is coevolution important
plant develop features that adapt to animals so that they can both continue to survive
31
Major functions of Auxin
- stimulates stem elongation (low concentration only)
- promotes the of lateral and adventitious roots
- regulates development of fruit
- enhances apical dominance
- promotes vascular differentiation
- retards leaf abscission
32
where is auxin produced/found in plants
- shoot apical meristems
- young leaves
- developing seeds and fruits
33
major function of cytokinins
- regulates cell division in shoots and roots
- modify apical dominance
- promotes movement of nutrients into sink tissues
- stimulates seed germination
- delay leaf senescence
34
where is cytokinins found
synthesized primarily in roots and transported to other organs, there are also many minor cites of production
35
major function of gibberellins
stimulates stem elongation, pollen development, pollen tube growth, seed development and germination, regulates sex determination and the transition from juvenile to adult phases
36
where are gibberellins found
meristems of apical buds and roots, young leaves, and developing seeds
37
major functions of abscisic acid
inhibits growth, promotes stomatal closure during drought stress, promotes seed dormancy and inhibits early germination, promotes leaf senescence, promotes desiccation tolerance
38
major function of ethylene
- promotes ripening of many types of fruits
- leaf abscission
- triple response in seedlings (inhibition of seed elongation, promotion of lateral expansion, promotion of lateral expansion, and horizontal growth,)
- enhances the rate of senescence
-promotes root and root hair formation
- promotes flowering in the pineapple family
39
where is ethylene found
this is a gaseous hormone produced in most plants, produces high concentrations during senescence, leaf abscission and the ripening of some fruits, stimulated by wounding and stress
40
major functions of brassinosteroids
promotes cell expansion and cell division of shoots, promotes root growth at low concentrations, inhibits root growth at high concentrations, inhibits phloem differentiation, promotes seed germination and pollen tube elongation
41
where is brassinorsteroids found
compounds present in all plant tissues,, act near site of synthesis
42
major functions of jasmonates
regulate a wide variety of function including fruit ripening, floral development, pollen production, tendril coiling, root growth, seed germination, nectar secretion, produced a response to herbivory and pathogen invasion
43
where is jasmonate found
derive from fatty acid linolenic acid, produced in several different parts of plants, travel in the phloem to other parts of the plant
44
major functions of strigolactones
promote seed germination, control apical dominance, attract mycorrhizal fungi to roots
45
where is strigolactones found
carotenoid derived hormones are produced in roots in response to low phosphate conditions or high auxin flow from the shoot
46
any response that results in curvate of organs towards or away from a stimulus is called
tropism
47
the germination of a seed ______
depends on imbibition
48
what part of a plant attracts pollinators
petals
49
meiosis will produce microspores in the ____
anther
50
which of these structures is/are produced by fertilization of egg and sperm (endosperm, an embryonic sporophyte or, a fruit)
an embryonic sporophyte
51
thigmotropism is a movement in response to ____
touch
52
is the transportation of auxin polar or nonpolar
polar
53
what is the acid growth hypothesis
auxin stimulates proton pumps in the plasma membrane, proton pumps then move h+ ion into the cell that lower the pH in the cell wall and increase membrane potential
54
enzymes that loosen the fabic of the cell wall are
expansins
55
what rapidly alters gene expression and stimulates a sustained growth reponse
auxin
56
what is regulated by auxin gradient
the organization of female angiosperms gametophytes
57
what is under the control of auxin transport
the activity of the vascular cambium
58
what works together with auxin to control cell differentiation
cytokinins
59
what is apical dominance
the terminal bud's ability to suppress development of axiliary buds
60
apical dominance is under the control of ____
sugar, cytokinins, auxin and strigolactones
61
what inhibits protein breakdown, stimulates RNA and protein synthesis, and mobilizes nutrients from surrounding tissues to slow the aging of plants
cytonkinins
62
what must be present for fruit to develop
auxin and gibberellins
63
what slows the growth (often by antagonizing the action of growth hormones)
abscisic acid
64
what induces a triple response
the production of ethylene
65
what is a triple response
it is a slow in the elongation of the stem, thickens the stem, and causes horizontal growth
66
when does vertical growth resume
after the effects of the ethylene wear off (triple response)
67
what is senescence
programmed death of certain cells, organs or the entire plants, a burst of apoptosis is associated with the onset of apoptosis
68
where is the abscission location and when do they typically break off?
location: layer near the base of the petiole, typically break off what leaves in autumn fall
69
what is photomorphogenesis
the effect of light on plant morphology
70
what type of light increase germination
red light
71
what type of light inhibits germination
far red light
72
photorecptors are responsible for the opposing effects of red and far red lights are
phytochromes
73
what is the pigment that detects red light
phytochrome
74
what is the flowering signaling molecule
florigen
75
why are nectar guides important
the attract animals/insects such as bees with certain colors that we (humans) cannot see due to uv light
76
what is climate change's affect?
can potentially affect longstanding relationships between plants and animal pollinators
