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Bio 2 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the male reproductive organs of angiosperms

A

anther and filament

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2
Q

what is an angiosperm

A

seed plants with reproductive called flowers or fruits

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3
Q

what is a receptacle

A

a structure at the base of the flower that holds everything together

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4
Q

what is a sepals

A

protecting the flower within

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5
Q

sporophytes

A

diploid (2n) plants that produce haploid spores by meiosis (reproduction)

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6
Q

gametophytes

A

haploid (n) plants that produce gametes (sperm and egg) by mitosis (cell division)

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7
Q

in angiosperms, what is the dominant gerneration

A

sporophyte

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8
Q

what are the three fs that characterized the life cycle of an angiosperm

A

flowers, fruits, double fertilization

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9
Q

flowers are ____

A

reproductive shoots of the angiosperm

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10
Q

what part of the stem do flowers attach to

A

receptacle

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11
Q

what are the four main organs of flowers

A

carpels, stamens, petals and, sepals

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12
Q

carpel

A

(megasporophyll) has long style with a sticky stigma on top that captures pollen

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13
Q

pistil

A

a single carpel or group of fused carpels

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14
Q

a stamen (microsporophyll) consists of a filament topped by a

A

anther

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15
Q

complete flowers ____

A

contain all four floral organs

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16
Q

incomplete flowers ____

A

lack one or more floral organs, ex: petals or stamens

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17
Q

inflorescences

A

clusters of flowers

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18
Q

coevolution

A

joint evolution of two or more interacting species

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19
Q

the life cycle of an angiosperm is

A

perpetual, always in motion

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20
Q

what is an example of microsporocytes

A

pollen

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21
Q

when does double fertilization occur

A

only in female gametophytes

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22
Q

embryo sac

A

or female gametophyte develops within the ovule

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23
Q

fertilzation

A

the fusion of gametes, occurs after the two sperms reach the female gametophyte

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24
Q

what does double fertilization ensure

A

the endosperm only develops in ovules containing fertilized eggs

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25
Q

true or false: plants react to stimuli

A

true, they slowly move/follow the path of the sun (east to west)

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26
Q

what are some factors that plants sense and respond to?

A

light, stresses from cold/hot, gravity (pulling downward), time (season/day) wounding, wind, drought/flooding

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27
Q

where in the nervous system within plants

A

it is located throughout the entire plant

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28
Q

what are plant hormones called

A

plant growth regulators: molecules that control one or more specific physiological processes within a plant

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29
Q

what are different types of pollinators

A

moths, butterflies, bees, flies , hummingbirds, bats

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30
Q

why is coevolution important

A

plant develop features that adapt to animals so that they can both continue to survive

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31
Q

Major functions of Auxin

A
  • stimulates stem elongation (low concentration only)
  • promotes the of lateral and adventitious roots
  • regulates development of fruit
  • enhances apical dominance
  • promotes vascular differentiation
  • retards leaf abscission
32
Q

where is auxin produced/found in plants

A
  • shoot apical meristems
  • young leaves
  • developing seeds and fruits
33
Q

major function of cytokinins

A
  • regulates cell division in shoots and roots
  • modify apical dominance
  • promotes movement of nutrients into sink tissues
  • stimulates seed germination
  • delay leaf senescence
34
Q

where is cytokinins found

A

synthesized primarily in roots and transported to other organs, there are also many minor cites of production

35
Q

major function of gibberellins

A

stimulates stem elongation, pollen development, pollen tube growth, seed development and germination, regulates sex determination and the transition from juvenile to adult phases

36
Q

where are gibberellins found

A

meristems of apical buds and roots, young leaves, and developing seeds

37
Q

major functions of abscisic acid

A

inhibits growth, promotes stomatal closure during drought stress, promotes seed dormancy and inhibits early germination, promotes leaf senescence, promotes desiccation tolerance

38
Q

major function of ethylene

A
  • promotes ripening of many types of fruits
  • leaf abscission
  • triple response in seedlings (inhibition of seed elongation, promotion of lateral expansion, promotion of lateral expansion, and horizontal growth,)
  • enhances the rate of senescence
    -promotes root and root hair formation
  • promotes flowering in the pineapple family
39
Q

where is ethylene found

A

this is a gaseous hormone produced in most plants, produces high concentrations during senescence, leaf abscission and the ripening of some fruits, stimulated by wounding and stress

40
Q

major functions of brassinosteroids

A

promotes cell expansion and cell division of shoots, promotes root growth at low concentrations, inhibits root growth at high concentrations, inhibits phloem differentiation, promotes seed germination and pollen tube elongation

41
Q

where is brassinorsteroids found

A

compounds present in all plant tissues,, act near site of synthesis

42
Q

major functions of jasmonates

A

regulate a wide variety of function including fruit ripening, floral development, pollen production, tendril coiling, root growth, seed germination, nectar secretion, produced a response to herbivory and pathogen invasion

43
Q

where is jasmonate found

A

derive from fatty acid linolenic acid, produced in several different parts of plants, travel in the phloem to other parts of the plant

44
Q

major functions of strigolactones

A

promote seed germination, control apical dominance, attract mycorrhizal fungi to roots

45
Q

where is strigolactones found

A

carotenoid derived hormones are produced in roots in response to low phosphate conditions or high auxin flow from the shoot

46
Q

any response that results in curvate of organs towards or away from a stimulus is called

A

tropism

47
Q

the germination of a seed ______

A

depends on imbibition

48
Q

what part of a plant attracts pollinators

A

petals

49
Q

meiosis will produce microspores in the ____

A

anther

50
Q

which of these structures is/are produced by fertilization of egg and sperm (endosperm, an embryonic sporophyte or, a fruit)

A

an embryonic sporophyte

51
Q

thigmotropism is a movement in response to ____

A

touch

52
Q

is the transportation of auxin polar or nonpolar

A

polar

53
Q

what is the acid growth hypothesis

A

auxin stimulates proton pumps in the plasma membrane, proton pumps then move h+ ion into the cell that lower the pH in the cell wall and increase membrane potential

54
Q

enzymes that loosen the fabic of the cell wall are

A

expansins

55
Q

what rapidly alters gene expression and stimulates a sustained growth reponse

A

auxin

56
Q

what is regulated by auxin gradient

A

the organization of female angiosperms gametophytes

57
Q

what is under the control of auxin transport

A

the activity of the vascular cambium

58
Q

what works together with auxin to control cell differentiation

A

cytokinins

59
Q

what is apical dominance

A

the terminal bud’s ability to suppress development of axiliary buds

60
Q

apical dominance is under the control of ____

A

sugar, cytokinins, auxin and strigolactones

61
Q

what inhibits protein breakdown, stimulates RNA and protein synthesis, and mobilizes nutrients from surrounding tissues to slow the aging of plants

A

cytonkinins

62
Q

what must be present for fruit to develop

A

auxin and gibberellins

63
Q

what slows the growth (often by antagonizing the action of growth hormones)

A

abscisic acid

64
Q

what induces a triple response

A

the production of ethylene

65
Q

what is a triple response

A

it is a slow in the elongation of the stem, thickens the stem, and causes horizontal growth

66
Q

when does vertical growth resume

A

after the effects of the ethylene wear off (triple response)

67
Q

what is senescence

A

programmed death of certain cells, organs or the entire plants, a burst of apoptosis is associated with the onset of apoptosis

68
Q

where is the abscission location and when do they typically break off?

A

location: layer near the base of the petiole, typically break off what leaves in autumn fall

69
Q

what is photomorphogenesis

A

the effect of light on plant morphology

70
Q

what type of light increase germination

A

red light

71
Q

what type of light inhibits germination

A

far red light

72
Q

photorecptors are responsible for the opposing effects of red and far red lights are

A

phytochromes

73
Q

what is the pigment that detects red light

A

phytochrome

74
Q

what is the flowering signaling molecule

A

florigen

75
Q

why are nectar guides important

A

the attract animals/insects such as bees with certain colors that we (humans) cannot see due to uv light

76
Q

what is climate change’s affect?

A

can potentially affect longstanding relationships between plants and animal pollinators

Bio 2 (2 decks)

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