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Bio 3 > Ch 41-42 Neural Signals and Systems > Flashcards

Ch 41-42 Neural Signals and Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Have many branched dendrites and a single long axon

A

Neurons

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2
Q

– extend from cell body of neuron

– specialized to receive stimuli & send signals to the cell body

A

Dendrites

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3
Q

– extends from cell body of neuron
– forms branches (axon collaterals)
– transmits signals into terminal branches which end in synaptic terminals

A

Axon

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4
Q

Fatty insulation around axons in vertebrates

A

Myelin Sheath

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5
Q

Glial cells forming myelin sheath in the PNS (formed by other glial cells In the CNS)

A

Schwann cells

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6
Q

Gaps in sheath between successive Schwann cells

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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7
Q

• Electrical signals transmit information along axons
• but not flow of electrons like in electrical wires
• Plasma membrane of resting neuron (not transmitting an impulse) is polarized (the 2 sides of membrane have different charges)
• Cytoplasm negatively charged relative to fluid outside
– due to different ion concentrations
• ion: charged molecule
• e.g. Na+, K+, Cl-, PO
• Difference in charges measured in voltage

A

Neuron Signals

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8
Q
  • self-propagating depolarization wave that moves down the axon
  • wave of opening and closing ion channels
  • transmission of a nerve impulse is like burning a trail of gun powder
  • action potential at one end generates action potential in adjacent areas
A

Nerve Impulse: Action Potential Wave

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9
Q

Involves entire length of axon plasma membrane

– takes place in unmyelinated neurons

A

Continuous Conduction

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10
Q 
– Depolarization skips along axon from one Node of Ranvier to the next
• more rapid than continuous conduction
• takes place in myelinated neurons
– Nodes of Ranvier
• where axon is not covered by myelin
• location of ion channels
A

Saltatory Conduction

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11
Q

• Junctions between two neurons

– or between a neuron and effector

A

Synapses

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12
Q

– gap junctions: physical connection by ion channels

– allows continuation of impulse

A

Electrical Synapses

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13
Q

– separation of neurons by synaptic
cleft (a space between cells)
– neurotransmitters: chemical messengers conduct the signal
• released by exocytosis

A

Chemical Synapses

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14
Q

Complex neural circuits are created by

convergence and divergence

A

Neural Circuits

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15
Q

Allows many information sources to affect a single nerve.

A

Convergence

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16
Q

Allows a single signal to reach many destinations.

A

Divergence

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17
Q 
Allows an initial impulse to propagate continuing impulses
• Important in
-rhythmic breathing 
-mental alertness 
-short-term memory
A

Reverberating Circuit

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18
Q

– only stopped by a depleting of neurotransmitters or independent inhibitor stimuli

A

Positive feedback

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19
Q

– Cnidarians
– nerve net (nerve cells scattered in body)
– no central control organ

A

Nerve Net

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20
Q

– Echinoderms
– central nerve ring
– nerves extend to various parts of the body in network similar to nerve net

A

Radial Nervous System

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21
Q

• Ventral nerve cord, numerous ganglia
• Afferent and efferent lateral neurons
• Cerebral ganglia with specialized functional
regions (arthropods)

A

Annelids and Arthropods

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22
Q 
Central Nervous System (CNS)
– brain
– spinal cord  
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
– sensory receptors
– neurons outside the CNS
A

Vertebrate Nervous System

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23
Q

• Protected by bone and 3 meninges (connective tissue)
1. dura mater
2. arachnoid
3. pia mater
• Cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid in subarachnoid space

A

Human CNS

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24
Q

4 types of Glial Cells of the CNS

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal Cells

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25
- physical & nutritional support to neurons - coordinate neuron activity (including learning) - induce blood vessels to form the blood-brain barrier - some serve as neural stem cells
Astrocytes
26
Myelin sheaths around axons in CNS
Oligodendrocytes
27
Mobile, phagocytic cells
Microglia
28
- line cavities in the CNS - contribute to formation of cerebrospinal fluid - can serve as neural stem cells
Ependymal Cells
29
* Transmits impulses to and from brain * Controls many reflex actions * White matter * Gray matter
The Spinal Cord
30
Myelinated axons in bundles
White matter
31
Inside the white matter | – masses of cell bodies, dendrites, & unmyelinated axons
Gray matter
32
Parts of The Human Brain
``` Brain Stem Cerebellum Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebrum ```
33
Medulla, pons, and midbrain - and controls many involuntary processes - e.g. heart rate, swallowing, coughing - respiratory and sleep centers - for visual and auditory reflexes
Brain stem
34
Second largest division | -for muscular coordination and refinement of movements
Cerebellum
35
Between brain stem and cerebrum -sort and interpret all sensory information (except olfaction) before relaying to cerebrum
Thalamus
36
Below thalamus; connected to pituitary gland | -control of body temperature, appetite, fat metabolism, some emotions, pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
37
Largest division
Cerebrum
38
``` • Affects emotional aspects of behavior – motivation – sexual activity – autonomic responses – biological rhythms ```
Limbic System
39
Feeling states experienced spontaneously – humans are born with capacity for fear, anger, sadness, happiness – limbic system is present in all mammals
Emotions
40
Center of intellect, memory, consciousness, language -controls sensation and motor functions Divided into right and left hemispheres - each with four lobes
The Cerebrum
41
Outer gray matter in brain - divided into 1) motor, 2) sensory, 3) association areas
Cerebral cortex
42
Myelinated axons of neurons that connect regions of the brain - inner part of brain, unlike in spinal cord - Corpus callosum
White matter
43
Large band connecting hemispheres
Corpus callosum
44
Functional Areas of the Cerebrum
Occipital lobes Temporal lobes Parietal lobes Frontal lobes
45
Visual centers
Occipital lobes
46
Hearing centers
Temporal lobes
47
- Somatosensory area: - touch, pressure, heat, cold, pain - Integration of sensory input
Parietal lobes
48
- Motor areas: - control skeletal muscles - Prefrontal cortex: - an association area
Frontal lobes
49
– process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved – can be conscious or unconscious (e.g. motor skills) – can be stored in many regions
Memory
50
– recalls information (such as telephone number) for a few minutes – possibly caused by reverberating circuits
Short-term memory
51
Information can be transferred from short-term memory to
long-term memory and learning
52
Enables changes in behavior – nervous system changes in response to experience – includes learning to walk, ride a bicycle, a new language
Neural plasticity
53
Process of acquiring knowledge or skills as a result of experience
Learning
54
Ability of nervous system to modify synapses – allows learning and remembering – probably the major form of neural plasticity
Synaptic plasticity
55
An alteration of consciousness – decreased electrical activity in the cerebral cortex – from which a person can be aroused
Sleep
56
– electrical activity of cerebral cortex slows | – metabolic rate slows
non-REM sleep
57
– characterized by rapid eye movement, dreams | - high brain activity
REM sleep
58
* The amount of time asleep varies greatly in mammals, from 3 h in the donkey up to 20 h in the lion, sloth, & armadillo. * Recent data are consistent with trade-offs between sleep and foraging time.
Function of Sleep is Not Known
59
Many drugs alter mood by increasing or decreasing the ________ of specific neurotransmitters within the brain
concentrations
60
Habitual use of mood-altering drugs can | result in
psychological dependence | addiction
61
– body ’s response to the drug decreases | – greater amounts needed for desired effect – THIS INCLUDES CAFFEINE
Tolerance
62
Consists of sensory receptors and nerves
Peripheral Nervous System
63
– responds to changes in external environment
Somatic division
64
– regulates internal activities of the body
Autonomic division
65
In the PNS neurons are grouped into
Nerves
66
– >100 axons – wrapped in connective tissue
Nerve
67
– mass of neuron cell bodies
Ganglion
68
• has efferent nerves subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems • Organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves – which function in opposite ways • Example: – sympathetic system increases heart rate – parasympathetic system decreases heart rate
Autonomic System

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