CH. 42 NEONATAL CARE

Question 1

a decrease in the amount of oxygen delivered to the extremities. The hands and feet turn blue because of narrowing of the arteries toward the arms and legs

Answer 1

acrocyanosis

Question 2

a clear slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds the fetus during pregnancy and contained in the amniotic sac

Answer 2

amniotic fluid

Question 3

scale used to assess the status of a newborn 1 and 5 minutes after birth

Answer 3

Apgar score

Question 4

respiratory pause greater than or equal to 20 seconds

Answer 4

apnea

Question 5

condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body leading to end organ damage

Answer 5

asphyxia

Question 6

a hole in the atrial septal wall that allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix; patients with this hole have a higher incidence of stroke

Answer 6

atrial septal defect (ASD)

Question 7

a pulse rate of less than 100 beats/min in the newborn

Answer 7

bradycardia

Question 8

bluish coloration of the skin due to the presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood vessels near the skin

Answer 8

central cyanosis

Question 9

a narrowing or blockage of the nasal airway by membranous or bony tissue; a congenital condition meaning it is present at birth

Answer 9

choanal atresia

Question 10

an abnormal defect or fissure in the upper lip that failed to close during development and is often associated with cleft palate

Answer 10

cleft lip

Question 11

a fissure or hole in the palate (roof of the mouth) that forms a communicating pathway between the mouth and nasal cavities

Answer 11

cleft palate

Question 12

pinching or narrowing of the aorta that obstructs blood flow from the heart to the systemic circulation

Answer 12

coarctation of the aorta (CoA)

Question 13

the most common birth defect and associated with hypoxia in the newborn period requiring intervention during the first months of life

Answer 13

congenital heart disease (CHD)

Question 14

passage of loops of bowel with or without other abdominal organs through a developmental defect in the diaphragm muscle; occurs as the bowel from the abdomen herniates upward through the diaphragm into the chest cavity

Answer 14

diaphragmatic hernia

Question 15

lack of movement at the shoulder due to nerve injury resulting from the stretching of the cervical nerve roots (C5 and C6) during the delivery of the newborns head during birth. The effect is usually transient but can be permanent

Answer 15

Erb Palsy

Question 16

the process through which the fluid in the fetal lungs is replaced with air, the ductus arteriosus constricts and the newborn begins adequate oxygenation of its own blood

Answer 16

fetal transition

Question 17

an opening in the septum of the heart that closes after birth

Answer 17

foramen ovale

Question 18

oxygen administered via an oxygen tube and a cupped hand on patient’s face

Answer 18

free flow oxygen

Question 19

seizure activity that is bilateral synchronous and nonmigratory

Answer 19

generalized seizure

Question 20

period of time from conception to birth

Answer 20

gestation

Question 21

noises heard when an infant is having difficulty breathing; short inarticulate guttural sounds as effort is expended

Answer 21

grunting

Question 22

a deficiency of glucose in the blood caused by too much insulin or too little glucose; in the newborn it is a level of less than 40 mg/dL, and in older neonates it is a level of less than 60 mg/dL

Answer 22

hypoglycemia

Question 23

underdevelopment of the aorta, aortic valve, left ventricle, and mitral valve; this defect involves the entire left side of the heart

Answer 23

hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)

Question 24

a condition in which the core body temperature is significantly below normal (less than 35 degrees celsius)

Answer 24

hypothermia

Question 25

low or poor muscle tone (floppy)

Answer 25

hypotonia

Question 26

damage to cells in the central nervous system like the brain and spinal cord from inadequate oxygen

Answer 26

hypoxia ischemic encephalopathy

Question 27

marked hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the two (circular and longitudinal) muscular layers of the pylorus resulting in the pylorus becoming thick and obstructing the end of the stomach

Answer 27

intercostal retractions

Question 28

a congenital condition in which part of the bowel does not develop

Answer 28

intestinal atresia

Question 29

a congenital condition in which part of the bowel is narrow

Answer 29

intestinal stenosis

Question 30

an event where one part of the intestine folds into another part of the intestines leading to a blockage

Answer 30

intussusception

Question 31

an injury of childbirth affecting the spinal nerves C7, C8, and T1 of the brachial plexus. It can be contrasted to Erb palsy which affects C5 and C6

Answer 31

Klumpke paralysis

Question 32

large tongue size

Answer 32

macroglossia

Question 33

a congenital anomaly of rotation of the midgut, the small bowel is found predominantly on the right side of the abdomen. Results in increased incidence of intestinal volvulus

Answer 33

malrotation

Question 34

a dark green fecal material that accumulates in the fetal intestines and is discharged around the time of birth

Answer 34

meconium

Question 35

seizure activity that involves more than one site is asynchronous and is usually migratory

Answer 35

multifocal seizure

Question 36

intermittent outward movements of the nostrils with each inspiration and indicates an increase in the work needed to breathe

Answer 36

nasal flaring

Question 37

infant during the first month after birth

Answer 37

neonate

Question 38

infant within the first few hours after birth

Answer 38

newborn

Question 39

decreased volume of amniotic fluid during a pregnancy; a risk factor associated with abnormalities of the urinary tract, postmaturity (birth after a prolonged pregnancy), and intrauterine growth retardation

Answer 39

oligohydramnios

Question 40

a situation in which the ductus arteriosus, which assists in fetal circulation, does not transition as it should after birth to become the ligamentum arteriosum; the result is the the connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta remains, allowing some oxygenated blood to move back into the heart rather than all of it moving out of the aorta and into systemic circulation

Answer 40

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Question 41

a condition in which stomach acid rises into the esophagus on a regular or frequent basis potentially causing irritation and damage; a common cause of vomiting

Answer 41

pathogenic gastroesophageal reflux (GER)

Question 42

delayed transition from fetal to neonatal circulation

Answer 42

persistent pulmonary hypertension

Question 43

a condition present at birth marked by a small lower jaw (micrognathia). The tongue tends to fall back and downward (glossoptosis) and there is a cleft soft palate

Answer 43

Pierre Robin sequence

Question 44

abnormal location of the placenta in the lower part of the uterus near or over the cervix

Answer 44

placenta previa

Question 45

abnormally high red blood cell count

Answer 45

polycythemia

Question 46

an excessive amount of amniotic fluid. May cause preterm labor

Answer 46

polyhydramnios

Question 47

method for assisting ventilation (bag mask or intubated) with high flow air or supplemental oxygen

Answer 47

positive pressure ventilation (PPV)

Question 48

any pregnancy that lasts more than 42 weeks

Answer 48

post-term

Question 49

underdeveloped

Answer 49

premature

Question 50

used to describe an infant delivered at less than 37 completed weeks

Answer 50

preterm

Question 51

apnea caused by oxygen deprivation; usually corrected with stimulation, such as drying or slapping the newborn's feet. Primary apnea is typically preceded by an initial period of rapid breathing

Answer 51

primary apnea

Question 52

first pregnancy

Answer 52

primigravida

Question 53

when the umbilical cord presents itself outside of the uterus while the fetus is still inside; an obstetric emergency during pregnancy or labor that acutely endangers the life of the fetus; can happen when the amniotic sac breaks and with the gush of amniotic fluid the cord comes along

Answer 53

prolapsed cord

Question 54

elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries from construction; causes problems with the blood flow in the lungs, and makes the heart work harder

Answer 54

pulmonary hypertension

Question 55

narrowing of the pulmonary valve

Answer 55

pulmonary stenosis

Question 56

a disease of the eye that affects prematurely born infants and thought to be caused by disorganized growth of retinal blood vessels resulting in scarring and retinal detachment; can lead to blindness in serious cases

Answer 56

retinopathy of prematurity

Question 57

when asphyxia continues after primary apnea, infant responds with a period of gasping respirations, falling pulse rate, and falling blood pressure. Positive pressure ventilations is indicated to reverse secondary apnea

Answer 57

secondary apnea

Question 58

a paroxysmal alteration in neurologic function - behavioral and/or autonomic function

Answer 58

seizure

Question 59

an infant whose size and weight are considerably less than the average for infants of the same age

Answer 59

small for gestational age

Question 60

a substance formed in the lungs that helps keep the small air sacs or alveoli from collapsing and sticking together; a low level in a premature infant contributes to respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 60

surfactant

Question 61

used to describe a newborn delivered at 38 to 42 weeks of gestation

Answer 61

term

Question 62

a cardiac anomaly that consists of four defects; a ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and an overriding aorta

Answer 62

tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)

Question 63

the process by which the body maintains temperature through a combination of heat gain by metabolic processes and muscular movement and heat loss through respiration, evaporation, conduction, convection, and perspiration

Answer 63

thermoregulation

Question 64

a rare congenital defect in which the four pulmonary veins do not connect to the left atrium; instead, the pulmonary veins connect to the right atrium resulting in diminished oxygen and an increased load on the right ventricle

Answer 64

total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)

Question 65

a defect in which the great vessels are reversed; the aorta is connected to the right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery is connected to the left ventricle

Answer 65

transposition of the great arteries (TGA)

Question 66

the absence of a tricuspid valve, which normally separates the right atrium and the right ventricle

Answer 66

tricuspid atresia

Question 67

a condition in which the pulmonary artery and the aorta are combined into one

Answer 67

truncus arteriosus

Question 68

the blood vessel in the umbilical cord used to administer emergency medication

Answer 68

umbilical vein

Question 69

a hole in the septum separating the ventricles and allowing blood from the left ventricle to flow into the right ventricle

Answer 69

ventricular septal defect (VSD)