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mcat orgo textbook > Ch. 5 > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

what are extractions?

A

allows the separation of one substance by adding a solvent in which the substance is very soluble in

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2
Q

solubility depends on what two things? famous catch phrase and give an example

A

solubility depends on the solubility of the solvent and solute. like dissolves like so water being polar will be a good solvent for something else that is polar

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3
Q

dilute acid can extract what type of organic molecule?

A

basic orgo molecules

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4
Q

dilute weak bases extract what type of organic molecule?

A

carboxylic acids

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5
Q

dilute strong bases like NaOH extracts what type of organic molecule?

A

it is strong enough to extract phenols but it can also extract carb acids.

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6
Q

extractions use what kind of apparatus?

A

separatory funnel

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7
Q

what is chromatography used for?

A

to separate mixes

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8
Q

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) removes things based on what? what amount is good for a TLC chromatography

A

polarity, small amounts of a solution

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9
Q

TLC uses what method and what are the two points important to note

A

it uses a solid liquid technique where solution goes through a layer of absorbent (silica) and the silica acts like a polar stationary phase and the solution is in the mobile liquid phase

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10
Q

in TLC, polar molecules move how? nonpolar?

A

polar molecules interact a lot with the silica therefore moving very slowly. the nonpolar molecule doesn’t interact with the silica therefore making it move way faster

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11
Q

column (flash) chromatography removes things based on what? what amount is this chromatography good for?

A

it removes things based on polarity. it is good for large compounds

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12
Q

the column chromatography uses what as an absorbent? what is the velocity of the polar and nonpolar molecules

A

it uses silica gel to act as the stationary phase. the polar molecules stay with the silica and the nonpolar move down

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13
Q

ion exchange chromatography filters things based on? what do we use this for most often?

A

filters based on charge states. it is used mostly for amino acids.

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14
Q

how does ion exchange chromatography work

A

the passing of the mobile liquid phase through a polar stationary phase (a resin with a (-) or (+) charge to separate what ion youre looking for

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15
Q

how does high performance liquid chromatography work

A

same technique as the other chromatography methods but uses the affinity to the stationary or liquid phase at high pressures to move speed of specific molecules

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16
Q

what is size exclusion chromatography ? what kind of stationary phase is used?

A

separates bulk materials based on size. the stationary phase is inert and not charged

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17
Q

in the size exclusion chromatography , what type of molecule is extracted first?

A

the large molecules get extracted first then the small ones

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18
Q

what is affinity chromatography used for

A

used to purify proteins/nucleic acids from cell lysates, growth media, or blood

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19
Q

what does affinity chromatography work?

A

it places macromolecules in which the molecule we are looking for has a high affinity for allow it to attach and we wash it off to get that specific molecules

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20
Q

what is gas chromatography

A

identifying the wanted compound when it is between the gas and liquid phase and it is based on the volatility of the compound

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21
Q

what does a gas chromatography chart show

A

each spike shows a different compound, if you have multiple spikes, the solution is impure

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22
Q

what does melting point and boiling point indicate

A

how well molecules will interact with each (IMF)

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23
Q

how do hydrocarbons (nonpolar) molecules act with other molecules

A

mostly through london dispersion forces

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24
Q

the greater the IMF the more energy is need to

Study These Flashcards
A

boil or melt the compound. high IMF causes higher bp and mp

25
what does branching of a compound mean for IMF and mp and bp?
it inhibits IMF by reducing surface area and reducing mp and bp
26
what does molecular weight of a compound mean for IMF and mp and bp?
higher weight means higher bp or mp because of more surface area
27
small hydrocarbons (1-4) tend to be what phase at room temp?
gases, methane and propane are gases
28
medium hydrocarbons (5-16) tend to be what phase at room temp?
liquid, octane for gas
29
large hydrocarbons (16 and up) tend to be what phase at room temp?
waxy solids like ear wax
30
what does hydrogen bonding do for IMF
increases IMF and increases bp and mp
31
what is hydrogen bonding
protons bonding to molecules with O, N, and F
32
what is distillation
process of increasing temp of a liquid until it overcomes its imf that holds it together in liquid form. the vapor is condensed back into a liquid and collected in a separate cup
33
what is simple distillation
done to purify a pretty pure compound or to separate 2 compounds with very different bp
34
what is facilitated distillation
used when two compounds with very similar bp's. uses glass beads or steel sponge to allow the compound go back and forth as a vapor and liquid
35
molecules in their lowest energy form are ? in the highest form?
lowest form is ground state and highest state is excited state (absorbed proton)
36
what is absorption spectroscopy
gives light to molecules to be in their excited state then measure energy released to be in the ground state to see their structural form
37
what is mass spectroscopy? what occurs?
determines the mass of compounds. molecules ionized in a high vacuum shows their mass to charge ratio and the abundance of each species
38
what does UV/Visible spectroscopy do? what do we usually use this for?
focuses on shorter more energetic wavelength of UV and visible spectra. we use their for transition metals and high conjugated orgo molecules (many pi bonds)
39
how does UV/Visible spectroscopy show?
if a molecule absorbs one color, it will present the color opposite on the color wheel, (ie. absorbs red and shows green). a molecule that absorbs uv light shows off white
40
what is IR spectroscopy
uses infrared radiation to excite molecules bonds and each type of bond vibrates differently to determine the structure of the molecule
41
what is the wave number in a IR spectroscopy for a double bond
carbonyl/alkenes: it shows a strong and intense dip and it shows on (1700 cm)
42
what is the wave number in a IR spectroscopy for a triple bond
2260-2100 cm
43
what is the wave number in a IR spectroscopy for a OH bond
u shaped and very broad 3600-3200 cm
44
what is the wave number in a IR spectroscopy for a c-h all hybridizations
sp3: 3000-2850 sp2: 3150-3000 sp: 3300
45
what can NMR spectroscopy show
1) number of peaks on the chart show number of nonequivalent sets of protons 2) splitting pattern of each peak shows the number of adjacent protons next to it 3) chemical shifts of the peaks give info about environment of H+
46
what are chemically equivalent hydrogens? non-chemically equivalent hydrogens?
chem equivalent hydrogens are identical protons that live in the same electronic environments. nonchem equivalent hydrogens live in different electronic environments
47
what is spin spin splitting phenomenon
non-eq protons interacting with each other and the degree of splitting is based on number of adjacent hydrogens
48
what is the n+1 rule
to see how many spikes a peak will have, you need to count how many adjacent hydrogens around and add one
49
what does shielding mean for protons
electrons near a proton will protect or shield the proton and make the peaks show up upfield (right side)
50
what is deshielding
deshielded proton will be far from electrons and cause it to be downfield (left)
51
an EN atom will shield or deshield a proton?
it will deshield the proton move it down field
52
what does hybridization and acidity cause to protons on the NMR?
increased hybridization and acidity (bonding to N, O, F) causes more deshielding
53
what is number reading for an carb acid for NMR?
10-13
54
what is number reading for an aldehyde for NMR?
9-10
55
what is number reading for an aromatic for NMR?
6.5-8
56
what is number reading for an alcohol for NMR?
2-5
57
what is number reading for an akyl for NMR?
0-2
58
the Rf value for TLC with a polar molecule will be higher or lower compared to reactants
decrease, it has inverse
59
what is Rf value for chromatography?
the ratio of the solute's distance travelled to the solvent's distance travelled.

mcat orgo textbook (5 decks)

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