CH 5

Question 1

What are the three components of connective tissue?

Answer 1

Cells, Protein fibers, and Ground Substance

Question 2

Fibroblasts

Answer 2

produces fibers and ground substance

Question 3

Adipocytes

Answer 3

lipid storages (fat cells)

Question 4

Mesenchymal cells

Answer 4

type of stem cell that can divide to replace damaged cells

Question 5

Fixed macrophages

Answer 5

Phagocytose (engulf) damaged cells or pathogens

Question 6

What are wandering cells?

Answer 6

Immune cells that move through tissue

Question 7

Free macrophages

Answer 7

mobile phagocytic cells

Question 8

Lymphocytes

Answer 8

attack foreign material

Question 9

Mast cells

Answer 9

inhibit clotting and secrete histamine to dilate blood vessels

Question 10

What is the function of protein fibers?

Answer 10

Strengthen and support the tissue

Question 11

Collagen fibers

Answer 11

thick, unbranched fibers that are strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching

Question 12

Reticular fibers

Answer 12

Thinner fibers that form a branching, interwoven framework

Question 13

Elastic fibers

Answer 13

Branching, wavy fibers that stretch and recoil easily and contain elastin protein

Question 14

What is ground substance?

Answer 14

Nonliving “background” material produced by connective tissue cells.

• Contains water and large hydrophilic molecules.
• GAGs, Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins

Question 15

What are some functions of connective tissue CT?

Answer 15

1. Physical protection: bones and adipose tissue
2. Support and structural framework: bones and cartilage
3. Storage: adipose tissue and bones (calcium and phosphorus)
4. Binding of structures: tendons and ligaments
5. Transport: blood
6. Immune protection: wandering cells

Question 16

Areolar connective tissue

Answer 16

Loose organization of collagen and elastic fibers.
- both fixed and wandering cells
- surrounds organs, nerve and muscle cells, and blood vessels.
LOOSE CT Proper

Question 17

Adipose connective tissue

Answer 17

composed primarily of adipocytes filled with lipid droplets.
- stores energy
- insulates
- cushions organs
LOOSE CT Proper

Question 18

Reticular connective tissue

Answer 18

Contains a meshwork of reticular fibers with fibroblasts and leukocytes.
- Forms framework of many organs (spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and bone marrow)
LOOSE CT Proper

Question 19

Loose Connective Tissue proper

Answer 19

Has abundant ground substance with fewer cells and protein fibers

Question 20

Dense connective tissue proper

Answer 20

Mostly protein fibers with less ground substance and cells

Question 21

Dense regular CT

Answer 21

tightly packed parallel collagen fibers
- found in placers with single-direction stress, such as tendons and ligaments
- has few blood vessels = takes a long time to heal
DENSE CT Proper

Question 22

Dense irregular CT

Answer 22

Clumps of collagen fibers in all directions
- Provides support and resistance to stress in multiple directions
- Has extensive blood supply
DENSE CT Proper

Question 23

Elastic CT

Answer 23

Contains branching, densely packed elastic fibers
- Has more fibroblasts than loose CT
- Able to stretch and recoil
DENSE CT Proper

Question 24

Cartilage

Answer 24

Supporting CT

• Firm, semisolid ground substance with collagen and elastic fibers
• Strong, resilient and more flexible than bone.
• Found in areas of body that must withstand deformation

Question 25

How are chondrocytes, lacunae, and perichondrium related?

Answer 25

Chondrocytes (cells) occupy small spaces called lacunae. These are then surrounded by a perichondrium.

Question 26

What is unique about mature cartilage?

Answer 26

Avascular = has no blood vessels

Question 27

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 27

Most common supporting CT type. - Supports and cushions - Clear, glassy appearance with scattered chondrocytes - Firm matrix

Question 28

Fibrocartilage

Answer 28

Weight bearing cartilage, resists compression - protein fibers in irregular bundles between chondrocytes contribute to durability - sparse amount of ground substance and few cells - no perichondrium

Question 29

Elastic cartilage

Answer 29

Flexible and springy - numerous densely packed elastic fibers ensure tissue is flexible and resists deformation - chondrocytes are closely packed

Question 30

Endocrine glands

Answer 30

lack ducts and secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid or blood - hormones act as chemical messengers that influence cell activity elsewhere

Question 31

Exocrine glands

Answer 31

Form from epithelia and remain connected to the surface by ducts - Sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands

Question 32

Unicellular exocrine glands

Answer 32

Single cells located close to surface and do not have ducts

Question 33

Merocrine glands

Answer 33

package secretions into vesicles and release them by exocytosis (e.g., salivary, some sweat) (merrily form vesicles to release secretion)

Question 34

Apocrine glands

Answer 34

Pinch off a vesicle that contains the secretory product and release secretions by exocytosis (mammary glands!!) (a part of the cell is pinched off and becomes the secretion)

Question 35

Holocrine glands

Answer 35

Accumulate product in a cell, which then disintegrates (Whole cell ruptures, dies, and becomes the secretion)