ch. 5

Question 1

define cross sectional study

Answer 1

compares groups of individuals of different ages at the same time

Question 2

when is a cross sectional study problematic?

Answer 2

when studying adults

Question 3

define longitudinal study

Answer 3

follows a single group of individuals as they develop

Question 4

name some disadvantages to a longitudinal study

Answer 4

1. long time
2. participants may quit
3. hard to separate effects of age from changes in society

Question 5

name advantages for cross sectional study

Answer 5

1. quick

2. no risk of confusing age effects with effects of changes in society

Question 6

no risk of sampling differences, can study effects of one experience on later development, and can study consistency within individuals over time are advantages of what kind of study?

Answer 6

longitudinal study

Question 7

___________ is the tendency for certain kinds of people to drop out of a study

Answer 7

selective attrition

Question 8

what are some reasons for selective attrition?

Answer 8

health
loss of interest
moving away

Question 9

what is a sequential design

Answer 9

researcher starts with people of different ages and studies them again at later times

Question 10

what is cohort?

Answer 10

is a group of people born at a particular time or a group of people who enter an organization at a particular time

Question 11

the ___ in which you grew up is a powerful influence on your psychological development

Answer 11

era

Question 12

T/F cohort effects are similar to cultural differences

Answer 12

T

Question 13

define zygote

Answer 13

fertilized egg cell

Question 14

the stage of about 8 weeks after conception is called a

Answer 14

fetus

Question 15

as soon as _ weeks after conception, the brain is mature enough to produce a few movements

Answer 15

6

Question 16

what develops first, muscles and nerves or sensory organs

Answer 16

muscles and nerves

Question 17

undernourished mothers generally give birth to ___ babies

Answer 17

small

Question 18

premature birth and very low birth weight correlate with

Answer 18

later deficits in learning, cognitive ability, and emotional self control

Question 19

drugs, medications, infections, and environmental hazards are all ______

Answer 19

teratogens

Question 20

if a mother drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy, the infant may deveop

Answer 20

fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 21

fetal alcohol syndrome is marked by

Answer 21

malformations of the face, heart, and ears, and nervous system damage
seizures, hyperactivity, impairments of learning, memory, problem solving, attention, and motor coordination

Question 22

why is nervous system damaged when pregnant mother is drinking alcohol

Answer 22

developing neurons need persistent excitation to survive

2. without it, they activate a self-destruct program
3. alcohol interferes with the brain’s main excitatory neurotransmitter and facilitated the main inhibitory neurotransmitter
4. decreases neuron’s arousal and makes them self-destruct

Question 23

the newborn’s concept of face is

Answer 23

an oval with most of its content toward the top

Question 24

at age 6, infants are as good at recognizing monkey faces as ____ faces

Answer 24

human

Question 25

certain brain areas become highly ________ to small deviations from the average face

Answer 25

sensitive

Question 26

by age _ months, infants have had much visual experience but almost no experience at crawling or reaching

Answer 26

5

Question 27

T/F infants suck more vigorously when heating certain kinds of sounds

Answer 27

T

Question 28

define habituation

Answer 28

decreased response to a repeated stimulus

Question 29

when a change in a stimulus increases a previously habituated response it is called

Answer 29

dishabituation

Question 30

psychologists believe that infants learned the sound of the mother's voice

Answer 30

before birth

Question 31

memory of prenatal experiences last at least how many weeks?

Answer 31

6

Question 32

define schema

Answer 32

an organized way of interacting with objects or thinking

Question 33

in piaget's terminology, behavior is based on

Answer 33

schemata

Question 34

define assimilation

Answer 34

applying an old schema to new objects or problems

Question 35

define accomodation

Answer 35

modifying an old schema to fit a new object or problem

Question 36

_______ is the establishment of harmony or balance between assimilation and accommodation

Answer 36

equilibration

Question 37

what are the 4 stages of intellectual development

Answer 37

1. sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 yrs) 2. preoperational stage (just before 2 to 7 yrs) 3. concrete operations stage (about 7 to 11 yrs) 4. formal operations stage (11 yrs and onward)

Question 38

at the sensorimotor stage, behavior is mostly

Answer 38

simple motor responses to sensory stimuli | ex. grasp reflex and suckling

Question 39

piaget argues that infants in the first few months lack the concept of object permanence. what does that it mean?

Answer 39

the idea that objects continue to exist even when we do not see or hear them.

Question 40

T/F infants do not have the capabilities of self-recognition

Answer 40

false | they do after about 1 and a half years old

Question 41

the preoperational stage is when

Answer 41

the child lacks operations, which are reversible mental processes

Question 42

define egocentric

Answer 42

a child sees the world as centered around himself or herself and cannot easily take another person's perspective

Question 43

a young child lacks, but gradually develops _____________, which is an understanding that other people have a mind, too, and that each person knows some things that other people don't know

Answer 43

theory of mind

Question 44

during ____________________ stage, children apparently do not distinguish clearly between appearance and reality.

Answer 44

preoperational

Question 45

what is conversation? (what children lack in preoperational stage)

Answer 45

understand that objects conserve such properties as number, length, volume, area, and mass after changes in the shape or arrangement of the objects

Question 46

at about age 7, children enter the stage of concrete operations and begin to...

Answer 46

understand the conservation of physical properties

Question 47

what occurs during the stage of concrete operations?

Answer 47

children perform mental operations on concrete objects but still have trouble with abstract or hypothetical ideas

Question 48

what happens during Piaget's stage of formal operations?

Answer 48

adolescents develop logical, deductive reasoning and systematic planning

Question 49

according to Vygotsky, what is a zone of proximal development

Answer 49

the distance between what a child can do alone and what is possible with help