First Exam Flashcards
(174 cards)
1
Q
define pyschology
A
the systematic study of behavior and experience
2
Q
T/F psychology depends on various things
A
true
3
Q
T/F: accurate measurement is not important
A
F: it is
4
Q
confidence in the conclusions depends on…
A
strength of the research
5
Q
define determinism
A
the idea that every event has a cause, that one could observe or measure
6
Q
what is the belief that behavior is caused by a person’s independent decisions
A
free will
7
Q
if everything you do has a cause, your behavior should be _______
A
predictable
8
Q
define dualism
A
the mind is separate from the brain but somehow controls the brain and therefore the rest of the body
9
Q
what does dualism contradict?
A
law of conservation of matter and energy;
the mind is not a matter; only matter can act on another matter
10
Q
what is the view that conscious experience is inseparable from the physical brain
A
monism
11
Q
dualism/monism = mental activity =brain activity
A
monism
12
Q
what is the nature-nurture issue?
A
is behavior influenced by heredity or environment?
13
Q
level of education for clinical psychologist
A
PhD with clinical emphasis or PsyD and internship
14
Q
what do clinical psychologists do?
A
understanding and helping ppl with psychological problems (depression, anxiety, substance abuse, marriage conflict)
they identify problem and try to overcome the difficulty
15
Q
level of education for psychiatry
A
MD and psychiatric residency
16
Q
_____________ deals with emotional disturbances
A
psychiatry
17
Q
T/F psychiatry cannot prescribe drugs
A
F
psychiatry can prescribe drugs
18
Q
level of education for psychoanalysts
A
psychiatry or clinical psychology plus 6-8 years in psychoanalytic institute
19
Q
psychoanalysts are influenced by _____
A
Sigmund Freud
20
Q
psychoanalysts infer the
A
hidden, unconscious, symbolic meaning behind peoples words and actions
21
Q
level of education for clinical social worker
A
masters degree in social work with specialization in psychological problems
22
Q
level of education for psychiatric nurse
A
2 year degree to master’s degree + supervised experience
23
Q
level of education for counceling psychologist
A
PhD, PsyD, EdD + supervised experience in counceling
24
Q
what do psychologists do?
A
help people with educational, vocational, marriage, health-related, and other decisions
25
level of education for forensic psychologist
doctorate (in clinical or counseling) + training in legal issues
26
what do forensic psychologist do?
provide advice and consultation to police, lawyers, and courts
27
what do biopsychologist look at?
relationship between brain and behavior
| activity of nervous system, effects of drugs/hormones
28
what do clinical psychologist look at?
emotional difficulties
29
what do cognitive psychologist look at?
memory, thinking, how people make decisions and solve problems
30
what do community psychologist look at?
organizations and social structures
31
what doe counseling psychologist do?
helping people make important decisions
32
what do developmental psychologist look at?
changes in behavior over age
33
who does improvement of learning in school?
educational psychologist
34
who looks into how factors such as noise, heat, and crowding affect behavior?
environmental psychologist
35
what do evolutionary psychologist look at?
evolutionary history of behavior
36
who looks into communication between person and machine?
human factors specialist
37
what do industrial/ organizational psychologist study?
people at work
38
who studies how behavior depends on the outcomes of past behaviors and current motivations?
learning and motivation specialist
39
define personality psychologist
personality differences
40
define psychometrician
measuring intelligence, personality, interests
41
define school psychologist
problems that affect school children
42
define social psychologist
how individual influences other people and how group influences an individual
43
define cross cultural psychology
compares the behavior of people from different cultures
44
define structuralism
an attempt to describe the structures that compose the mind like sensations, feelings, images
45
who was the man who introduced structuralism?
Edward Titchener
46
Is structuralism a concept that can be answered?
no
47
who is the founder of American Psychology?
William James
48
define functionalism
how people produce useful behaviors
49
____ is the mathematical description of the relationship between the physical stimulus and its perceived properties
psychophysical function
50
who thought up evolution by natural selection?
Darwin
51
who are specialists who compare different animal species
comparative psychologists
52
who was one of the first to measure intelligence?
Francis Galton
53
who devised the first useful intelligence test?
Alfred Binet
54
who is the founder of behaviorism
John B. Watson
55
_____ concentrates on observable, measurable behaviors and not on mental processes
behaviorism
56
define basic research
seeks theoretical knowledge for its own sake
57
define applied research
deals with practical problems
58
what is positive psychology
studies the predispositions and experiences that make people happy, productive, and successful
59
study how people's health is influenced by their behavior
health psychology
60
apply psychological principles to help athletes set goals, train, and concentrate their efforts
sports psychologists
61
hypothesis
clear predictive statement
62
what kind of results helps avoid errors
replicable results
63
combines the results of many studies and analyzes them as though they were all one huge study
meta-analysis
64
define theory
explanation or model that fits many observations and makes accurate predictions
65
what did Karl Popper say?
the purpose of research is to falsify incorrect theories. if the theory survives, it is a good theory
66
stated in such clear, precise terms that we can see what evidence would count against it.
falsifiable
67
define burden of truth
obligation to present evidence to support one's claim
68
define parsimony
when given the choice among explanations, you prefer the one with fewer assumptions, simpler, or more consistent with other well-established theories
69
what is extrasensory perception
people, some of the time, acquire information without receiving energy through any sense organ
70
define operational definiition
specifies the operations or procedures used to produce or measure something; numerical values
how to measure something
71
a group chosen because of its ease of study
convenience study
72
a study that resembles the population
representative sample
73
a study that every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected
random sample
74
define cross cultural sample
groups of people from at least 2 cultures are sampled
75
define naturalistic observation
careful examination of what happens under more or less natural conditions
ex. Jane Goodall
76
a case history is
a thorough description of a person
77
a study of the prevalence of certain beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors based on people's responses to questions
survey
78
what can influence a survey
sampling
seriousness of those being interviewed
wording of the questions
surveyor bias
79
define correlation
measure of the relationship between 2 variables
80
mathematical estimate of the relationship between 2 variables
correlation coefficient
81
a score of 0 means
no relationship
82
a score of 1 between -1 means
perfect relationship
83
a pill with no known pharmacological effects
placebo
84
define illusory correlation
an apparent relationship based on casual observations of unrelated or weakly related events
85
T/F a correlation tells you why 2 variables are related
False
| it cannot tell you why 2 variables are related
86
define independent variable
what is changed or controlled
87
define dependent variable
what is being measured
88
this group receives the treatment that the experiment is for
experimental group
89
the control group is a
set of people that dont get the treatment
90
use of chance procedure so everyone has equal chance of being assigned to a particular group
random assignment
91
either the observer or the participants are unaware of which participants received which treatment
single blind study
92
both observer and participants are unaware of which participants received which treatment
double blind study
93
demand characteristics are cues
that tell the participants what is expected of them and what the experimenter hopes to find
94
a statement that they have been told what to expect and that they agree to continue
informed consent
95
mean
average
96
median
middle
97
mode
most
98
normal distribution
a symmetrical frequency of scores clustered around the mean
99
range
highest and lowest number
100
measurement of the amount of variation among scores in a normal distribution
standard deviation
101
p is the
probability of getting results nearly by chance
102
a _____ is anything that converts one type of energy into another
machine
103
dendrites
receive input from other neurons
104
cell body contains
nucleus
105
single, long, thin, straight fiber with branches near its tip
axon
106
what sends a signal
the axon
107
myelin
insulating sheath that speeds up transmission of the impulses along the axon
108
glia
support the neurons
| insulation, sychronizing activity
109
what are specialized junction between one neuron and another
synapses
110
neurotransmitter
chemical that activates receptors on other neurons
111
agonist
drug that increased activity at a synapse
112
antagonist
drug that decreases activity at a synapse
113
are drugs that increase energy, alertness, and activity. blocks reabsorbtion
stimulants
114
why is domaine so critical?
it motivates sex and hunger to gambling
115
low levels of stimulants gives
increased attention
| ex. Aderral
116
high levels of stimulants gives
confusion, impaired attention, and impulsiveness
117
hallucinogens induce
sensory distortions
118
may lead to increased anxiety and depression and impairments of attention, memory, and sleep
hallucinogens
119
what are drugs that decrease arousal
depressants
120
examples of depressants
alcohol and anxiolytics
121
define anxiolytics
anxiety reducing drugs
122
is a class of molecules that includes methanol, ethanol, propyl alcohol
alcohol
123
what kind of alchol do we drink?
ethanol
124
low levels of alcohol can
relax people by increasing activity at inhibitory synapses
125
high levels of alcohol can
increase risk of behavior, aggression by suppressing fears and inhibition
126
affects breathing and heart rate and leads to liver damage and affects infant health
alcohol
127
another name for anxiolytic drugs are
tranquilizers
128
drugs that produce drowsiness, insensitivity to pain and decrease responsiveness
narcotics
129
opiates are natural drugs derived from
opium poppy
130
what makes people feel warm, happy, and content with little anxiety
opiates
131
morphine does what?
block pain in brain, not skin
132
the brain releases _____ which inhibits chronic pain
endorphins
133
marijuana has a
calming effect, softens pain, produce illusions
134
marijuana can increase the change of
Parkinson's disease
135
the central nervous system consists of
brain and spine cord
136
how does the central nervous system communicate with the rest of the body?
peripheral nervous system
137
consists of nerves connecting the spinal cord with the rest of the body
peripheral nervous system
138
what are the 2 branches of peripheral system?
somatic and automatic system
139
_____ system connects to skins and muscles
somatic
140
_____ connects to heart, stomach, and organs
automatic
141
which system expends energy
sympathetic system
142
which system conserves energy
parasympathetic system
143
name the 3 main regions of brain
midbrain, hindbrain, forebrain
144
occipital lobe controls
vision
145
the parietal lobe controls
body sensation
146
the primary motor cortex controls
fine movement control
147
the frontal lobe controls
planning of movements, working memory, events that happened very recently
148
the temporal lobe controls
hearing, advanced visual processing
149
damage to occipital lobe can lead to
cortical blindness
150
define cortical blindness
no visual imagery, even in dreams
151
define blindsight
ability to point to or otherwise indicate the direction to a visual stimulus, without conscious perception of seeing anything at all
152
damage to temporal lobe (auditory)
impaired at recognizing sequences of sounds, a in music or speech
153
________ comprehension depends on temporal lobe in the left hemisphere
language
154
what in the temporal lobe responds to sight of faces and recognition
fusiform gyrus
155
motion blindness can occur due to damage to the
temporal lobe
156
what is the structure in the temporal lobe, that responds strongly to emotional situations
amygdala
157
the parietal lobe is specialized for body sensations such as
touch, pain, temperature, and awareness of the location of body parts in space
158
parietal lobe damage interferes with
spatial attention
159
what is important for controlling fine movements
primary motor cortex
160
the prefrontal cortex is responsible for
memory of what has just happened and what you are planning to do next and important for decision making
161
define mirror neurons
active when you make a movement and also when you watch someone else make a similar movement
162
which hemisphere usually controls speech
left hemisphere
163
which hemisphere has ability to imagine what an object would look like after it rotated and ability to understand the emotional connotations of ficual expressions and tones of voices
right hemisphere
164
how do the 2 hemispheres pass information / are connected?
corpus callusum
165
the corpus callosum is cut to relieve
epilepsy
166
uses electrodes on the scalp to record rapid changes in brain electrical activity
electroencephalograph (EEG)
167
records magnetc changes
magnetoencephalograph (MEG)
168
records radioactivity of various brain areas emitted from injected chemicals
positron-emission tomography (PET)
169
uses magnetic detectors outside the head to compare the amounts of hemoglobin with and without oxygen in different brain areas
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
170
what is the last stop for almost all sensory information on the way to cerebral cortex
thalamus
171
the hippocampus is important for
memory
172
where the the hypothalamus located?
below the thalamus
173
what is important for thirst, temperature, regulation, sex, and other motivational behaviors?
hypothalamus
174
T/F the cerebral cortex doesn't directly control muscles
T
