What did the American Colonial , English speaking people seek?
Fortune, fame, freedom of religion, for the most part just a decent human existence
What did American Colonials bring that remains as a basic substructure to the distinctive American mode of living?
Beliefs, skills, arts, crafts, and a social heritage
True or false according to the Early puritan laws and practices members of the clergy were allowed to participate in funerals and weddings
False , Early puritan and practices forbade them
According to the Early puritan laws and practices weddings and funerals were considered to be _____ ceremonies
Civil
According to the Early puritan laws and practices the body was to be _______ w/o _______ of ceremony or prayer
interred, benefit
According to the Early puritan laws and practices burials were silent and consisted of what two main parts?
Procession (like a parade) to the grave and placemen/filling of the grave
What was the only way to show respect for the diseased in the Early puritan days and practices
Having very elaborate tombstones
Define Hearse
a hand carried bier(moveable frame to carry coffin) with candles or spikes on the corners
Define Broadside
A eulogy(writing that praises) on a handbill with standard morbid decorations like skulls and crossbones
What are 7 things that could be given to the attending colonials at a funeral ?
rings, scarves, gloves, purses, needle racks, tobacco, and liquor
Why was the Sumptuary law passed in 1651?
estates were being used up completely in giving gifts at the funeral, often times leaving the widow broke AF
During general practices of Colonial days what did they do to the body if they died on warmer days?
the bodies were disemboweled and wrapped in cerecloth (wax cloth)
_____ were distributed to all those who attended during the practices of Colonial days
Gifts
During general practices of Colonial days how did a funeral begin? Where?
Funerals began with a sermon in the church
During general practices of Colonial days Sermons were often printed on the __________
Broadsides (paper with eulogy )
What does a pal bearer do ?
help carry the bier (frame that holds casket/coffin)
In general practices of Colonial days the widow had the duty of _____ and _______ of all the guests
feeding and housing
In general practices of Colonial days what 3 things were EXPECTED to be given out by the Widow?
food , liquor, and Tobacco
What is a blunder bus ?
a short-barreled large-bored gun with a flared muzzle, used at short range.
In general practices of Colonial days what was a “Furious fusillade”
A discharge from a number of firearms, fired simultaneously or in rapid succession (powder and shots provided by widow)
True or false In general practices of Colonial days Funerals were used to teach children about death
True and often in a cruel manner
When regarding the Dutch colony funeral customs what was an Aanspreecker?
a licensed official who directed funerals
When regarding the Dutch colony funeral customs what was a Monkey-Spoon ?
an image of a saint (looked more like an animal) on the handle of spoons
________ changed funeral laws and customs
Revolutions such as 1775 war of independence and economic wars
1775
war of independence
What type of acts made changes in funeral customs after 1775?
Embargo (trading with other countries)
In newer customs after 1775 gloves were only given to the ______
bearers
In the newer customs after 1775 how many shilling were sextons and undertakers allowed to charge for each service ?
8 shillings
As far as class distinction before and after the War of Independence in 1775 how did it change?
Before the war there was no class distinction at funerals and after the war there was
When were funerals more secular (religiously unbiased )
After the war they were less religious
After the was of 1775 how was the persons status shown at the funeral ?
Number of plumes on the top of the hearse
Potentially in the gap between the early 1800’s, and the 1st quarter of the 1900’s did what begin to develop ?
occupation of undertaking
Funeral directing as an occupation was born in America in what century ?
19th century
Specific funeral tasks were carried out in early America by what 5 other occupational areas ?
upholsters, cabinet makers, liverymen(uniforms?), nurses, and sextons
Who is Blanche White?
The 1st to advertise as an undertaker in the new York journal
Cabinet makers became _____ makers and _____
coffin , undertakers
In early American days before the midwives in 1810 who closed the eyes, washed body and chested the descendant ?
friends and neighbors
True or false preparing the diseased moved to tradespeople and became male dominant
True
Who could decide and had the authority to say who and where a person could be burried at their cemetery?
Sexton
What were municipal officers?
Knocked on house doors to invite people to the funerals . they were paid by community and charged a few to the family
The coroner was also commonly the ______
undertaker
What types of jobs did the TOWN UNDERTAKER have?
handled county, sanitation officer, and registrar of deaths
The development of service occupation started with what three main things
preparation, transportation, and coffining