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2024 PHARM > Ch. 5 EXAM 2 > Flashcards

Ch. 5 EXAM 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does efferent mean

A

motor

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2
Q

what does afferent mean

A

sensory

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3
Q

name the pyramidal tracts

and function

A

lateral corticospinal (primary)

anterior corticospinal (secondary)

main motor pathway

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4
Q

name the extrapyramidal tracts

and function

A

Rubrospinal
Reticulospinal
Olivospinal
Vestibulospinal

accessory motor

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5
Q

what is gray matter function?

A

decision making
cell bodies or motor neurons
and synapses

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6
Q

define tract

A

bundle of axons in the CNS

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7
Q

define nerve

A

bundle axons outside the CNS

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8
Q

What pathway is bigger? sensory or motor

A

sensory/afferent

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9
Q

name the DCML pathway

and function

A

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus

  • gracile fasciculus
  • cuneate fascicles fasciculus

pressure sensors/touch

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10
Q

lamina 1

A

lamina marginalis

fast pain
A delta fibers

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11
Q

laminae 2,3

A

substantia gelatinosa

slow pain C fibers- and lamina 5

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12
Q

laminae 1-6

pathway?

A

mechanoreceptors (pressure)

2 pathways
- DCML to brain
- synapse in dorsal horn of cord

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13
Q

motor cell body neurons in anterior gray horn

A

lamina VII
- intermediolateral nucleus
- lateral gray horn

lamina VIII
- lots of large motor neurons

lamina 10
- crosstalk

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14
Q

name spinocerebellar tracts

A

anterior spinocerebellar
posterior spinocerebellar

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15
Q

anterolateral system

A

spinothalamic tract
- lateral
- anterior

pain

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16
Q

how many rexed laminae

A

9

sensory and motor gray matter

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17
Q

corticospinal tracts

name all 3 pathways

A

aka pyramidal tracts

80% motor function- Lateral
motor cortex, internal capsule, pyramids of medulla (crossover), lateral corticospinal tract

17% motor function- Anterier
- crossover in the cord

third pathway 3% motor function
- no crossover

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18
Q

DCML pathway

A

touch sensors enter dorsal rootlets

grey matter of cord
- dorsal columns
OR
- stays at that level (lateral inhibition)

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19
Q

representation image of parietal lobe sensory locations

A

homunculus

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20
Q

what is crossover in the medulla called

A

pyramidal decussation

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21
Q

brainstem in order

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
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22
Q

neurotransmitter causes of chronic emotional pain

A

increase of glutamate receptors

decrease of enkephalin receptors

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23
Q

where does emotional pain get sent to

A

middle of brain near brainstem connects to diencephalon

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24
Q

second order pain neuron

myelinated or not?

A

always myelinated for fast pain

may or may not be myelinated for slow pain

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25
rubrospinal extrapyramidal tract
voluntary movements
26
Reticulospinal extrapyramidal
muscle tone maintenance
27
olivospinal extrapyramidal
cerebellar output to coordinate movement
28
vestibulospinal extrapyramidal
eye fixation, muscle orientation during acceleration balance and eye focus during movement
29
where is cell body of nocireceptor located
Doral root ganglia?
29
causes of pain (8)
physical damage acidosis potassium histamine serotonin - in periphery..but in cord its inhibitory ACh - in periphery prostaglandins bradykinin
30
descending pain suppression pathway and neurotransmitters
1. Enkephalin neuron (excitatory) - periaqueductal gray - periventricular nuclei (infront of third ventricle) 2. Serotonergic neuron - raphe Magnus nucleus: middle of pons - releases serotonin (5-HT) excitatory 3. Enkephalin neuron - Doral horn - inhibitory
31
another name for a morphine receptor
enkephalin receptor opiate/ Mu receptor
32
glutamate
top neurotransmitter for pain excitatory 2nd receiving neuron has glutamate receptors to receive messages from nocireceptor
33
tricyclic antidepressants
serotonin reuptake inhibition pain management old drug 500-60 years bad side effect (sleepy)
34
SSRI
serotonin reuptake inhibitor pain relief newer drugs Paxil, prozac
35
two inhibitory neurotransmitters in the spinal cord
GABA (CNS plus spinal cord) glycine (spinal cord) Cl permeability
36
4 excitatory neurotransmitters
Ach histamine glutamate norepinephrine
37
dopamine
pleasure and reward potent motor inhibitor Parkinson's not producing enough dopamine leads to over active motor function
38
what muscle is innervated by more than one motor neuron
ocular muscles
39
sarcolemma
40
what carries an action potential down into a muscle cell
transverse tubule
41
what type of calcium channels open to action potential down a motor neuron
p type Ca channel
42
what will every skeletal muscle have?
motor neuron some fibers controlled by more than one motor neuron depending how big the muscle is
43
what is a motor unit
44
what is located near the NMJ of skeletal muscle for energy?
mitochrondria
45
what increases the surface area of of NMJ surface area in the skeletal muscle
subneuronal clefts - primary cleft = one infolding - secondary cleft = two infolding contains ACh receptors and voltage gated Na channels
46
what does acheytlcholinesterase use to break down acetate + choline
hydrolysis
47
how many Ach receptors at the NMJ how many activated?
5 million 500,000 activated (10%)
48
how many Ach molecules need to be release
1 million but produce 2 million
49
nicotinic Ach receptor charge and ions
negative pore charge Na and some Ca enter some K leaves (barely)... K leak channels if K wants to leave
50
nAch-R antagonist binding to receptor needs to bind...
to 1 Ach site
51
what 2 proteins are on the NMJ surface of neuron to attach vesicles
SNAP-25 SNARE
52
voltage sensor in the t tubule
DHP dihydropuridine
53
what meds block DHP sensors
CCB
54
whats the calcium release channel on the SR called
ryanodine receptor
55
how does calcium get put back into the SR
SERCA pump - sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum calcium APTase burns ATP to put Ca back in SR
56
depolarization after an action potential... what kind of K channels
LOTS of leaky K channels some voltage gated K channels
57
whats the intracellular fluid in skeletal muscle
sarcoplasm
58
whats located next to the nACh-R allowing an action potential
fast sodium channels
59
second type of Ach-R
neuronal Ach receptor (motor neuron) auto-receptor 3 alpha subunits 2 beta subunits -3 places for Ach binding small amount of Ach released at the NMJ will feed back onto these receptors Na and Ca entry causing VP1 to replace VP2
60
non-depolarizing NM blockers affect both neuron and skeletal muscle... how?
inhibits all Ach-R including auto receptors on motor neuron- alpha 3 beta 2
61
how can sux affect the eyes?
ocular muscles controlled by several motor neurons and several NMJ... more Ca coming in, more contraction, increased IOP, vision loss from compression on optic nerve
62
what is the high conductance nACh-R called
adult lots of current for short time Ach falls off quicker only at NMJ
63
what is low conductance nACH-R called
fetal replace as we mature slow conductance open longer when ACh binds
64
adult nACH-R domains
2 alpha subunits alpha 1 beta 1 delta alpha ebsilon
65
fetal nACh-R domains
alpha 1 beta 1 delta alpha gamma
66
whats the third type of nACH-R
alpha 7 neuronal in muscle located in CNS/ANS all 5 subunits bind ACh
67
what muscle does the ulnar nerve innervate what happens when stimulated
adductor pollicis - thumb comes forward - pinky twitch *one or both happen
68
stimulus that recruits all the motor neurons
supra maximal stimuli
69
what measures the TOF
2 hertz over 2 seconds 2 impulses over 1 second each 4 twitches Hertz= per second
70
whats a repetitive high frequency stimulation
tetanic
71
where should Ach receptors be located
junctional and maybe perijunctional
72
nerve stimulation of ophthalmic branch of facial nerve
orbicularis oculi side of face
73
nerve stimulation of butt area
peroneal nerve
74
nerve stimulation of lower extremities
posterior tibial nerve
75
sux potassium leak... what channels (3)
#1 leak #2 voltage gated in junctional area #3 potassium loss through ACh-R
76
duration of action of NDMR and sux
NDMR - onset couple min 2-3 min - half life min-hours Sux - fast onset within 1 min - very short acting 3 min
77
how is sux broken down
plasma cholinesterase from the liver
78
why unequal return of TOF on NDMR
inhibits both neuron and skeletal muscle... VP1 not able to replace VP2
79
TOF ration
only used with NDMR B/A recovery equals 1 ratio increases as drug wears off
80
what nerve controls the diaphram
phrenic nerve C3, 4, 5
81
stimulator settings
50-80 VOLTAGE: force used to push electrons through the tissue, making cell more negative mA : milli amphers CURRENT electrons moving through tissue between 2 electrodes
82
head lift with NM blocker how many nACH-R blocked
70% 4 twitches present post anethesia recvoery
83
all twitches disappear at what percentage of nACh-R blocked
90-95%
84

2024 PHARM (7 decks)

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