ch 5 learning Flashcards
Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice is called ____
learning
The Russian physiologist (a scientist who studies the workings of the body) who discovered classical conditioning through his work on digestion in dogs was ___ ___
Ivan Pavlov
___ ___ is learning that makes a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex.
Classical Conditioning
____ ___is a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response.
Unconditioned Stimulus
___ ___ is an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned response
A stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus is called a ____ ___
conditioned stimulus
____ ___ is the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.
Stimulus generalization
___ ___ is the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
Stimulus discrimination
A ___ is any event or object that, when following a response, increases the likelihood of that response occurring again.
reinforcer
The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called __ __
spontaneous recovery
____ ___ _____ is a law stating that if a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.
Thorndike’s law of effect
Any behavior that is voluntary is called ___
operant
The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus is called __ __
positive reinforcement
The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus is called _ _
negative reinforcement
The reinforcement of simple steps in a behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior is called ___
shaping
The reinforcement of each and every correct response is called _ _
continuous reinforcement
Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again is said to be ____
punishment
___ ___ is the tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns.
Instinctive drift
The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior is called _____ _____.
behavior modification
___ ___ is the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past.
Learned helplessness
Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior is known as ___ ____
observational learning
