Ch. 5 Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Nervous systems primary function
A
transfer and exchange info
2
Q
Neuron function
A
-basic cellular unit
-conducts impulses from one part of the body to another
3
Q
cell body
A
“soma”
-made up of nucleus and cytoplasm w/in cell membrane
4
Q
stem or axon
A
transmits signals away from the neurons cell body to connect w/ other neurons and cells
5
Q
dendrites
A
collect incoming signals from other neurons and send the signal toward the neuron’s cell body
6
Q
CNS composed of:
A
spinal cord and brain
7
Q
PNS composed of:
A
peripheral nerves that connect the CNS to receptors, muscles, and glands
-includes cranial nerves (just outside of brainstem)
-somatic and autonomic NS
8
Q
Somatic NS
A
conveys info from CNS to skeletal muscles, responsible for voluntary movement
9
Q
Autonomic NS
A
regulates internal body functions to maintain homeostasis
-conveys info from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
-involuntary movement
-sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
10
Q
Sympathetic NS
A
excitatory division, prepares body for stress (fight/flight), stimulates or increases activity of organs
11
Q
Parasympathetic NS
A
maintains and restores energy
-inhibits or decreases activity of organs
12
Q
white matter
A
myelinated axons of neurons
13
Q
gray matter
A
nerve cell bodies and dendrites
-working area of the brain- contains synapses (area of neuronal connection)
14
Q
outer surface of brain function:
A
increase brain’s surface area- increase working area and cell communication area
15
Q
Sulci
A
small shallow grooves
16
Q
Fissures
A
deeper grooves extending into the brain
17
Q
gyri
A
raised tissue areas
18
Q
True or false: cerebrum is the largest part of the brain
A
true
19
Q
left hemisphere
A
dominant for most people, controls most right-sided functions
20
Q
hemisphere
A
controls most left-sided body functions
21
Q
corpus callopsum
A
large bundle of white matter that connects the two hemispheres= an area of sensorimotor info exchange between the two hemispheres
22
Q
Frontal lobe functions
A
largest and most developed lobe
-motor
-premotor area
-association cortex
-executive function (working memory, reasoning, planning, prioritizing, impulse control etc…)
-language (Broca’s area), expressive speech
-personality variables
23
Q
Problems in frontal lobe lead to:
A
personality changes, emotional, and intellectual changes
24
Q
Temporal lobe functions
A
-language (Wernicke’s area), receptive speech or language comprehension
-primary auditory area
-memory
-emotion
-integration of vision and sensory info
25
Problems w/ temporal lobe lead to:
visual or auditory hallucinations, aphasia, and amnesia
26
Occipital lobe function
-primary visual cortex
-integration area (vision w/ other sensory info)
27
Problems w/ occipital lobe can lead to:
visual field defects, blindness, and visual hallucinations
28
Parietal lobe function
-primary sensory area
-taste
-reading and writing
29
Problems w/ parietal lobe lead to:
sensory-perceptual disturbances and agnosia
30
Cerebral cortex
-controls many behaviors and contralateral side of the body
- sensory info relayed thalamus, then processed and integrated into cortex
-responsible for speech, cognition, judgment, perception, and motor function
31
Limbic system
regulates and modulates emotions and memory
-composed of hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala
32
Hypothalamus function
key role in regulatory functions
-appetite
-sensations of hunger and thirst
- water balance
-circadian rhythms
-body temp
-libido
-hormonal regulation
33
Thalamus function
sensory relay station (except for smell)
-modulates flow of sensory info- prevents overwhelming the cortex
-regulates emotions, memory, and related affective behaviors
34
Hippocampus function
regulates memory and converts short-term to long-term memory
35
Amygdala function
responsible for mediating mood, fear, emotion, and aggression
-also connect sensory smell info w/ emotions
36
Basal ganglia (corpus striatum)
complex feedback system to modulate/stabilize somatic motor activity (info from CNS to skeletal muscles)
-role in movement initiation (complex motor func w/ association connections
-learning and autonomic actions (walking, driving, etc...)
-contains extrapyramidal motor system or nerve tract)
-involuntary motor activities (muscle tone, posture, muscle movement coordination, common reflexes)
37
True or false: the basal ganglia contains both the caudate and the putamen
True- collectively, they can be considered the "entrance" to the basal ganglia - both work together to receive input from cerebral cortex
38
Problems w/ basal ganglia can lead to:
bradykinesia, hyperkinesia's, and dystonia
39
Brainstem
made of cells that produce NTs
-includes midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellum and reticular formation
40
Midbrain function (which NT is produced here?)
houses ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (areas of dopamine synthesis)
41
Pons function (which NT is produced here?)
houses locus ceruleus (area of norepinephrine synthesis)
42
Medulla function
together w/ the pons, contains autonomic control centers that regulate internal body functions
43
Cerebellum function
maintain equilibrium; acts as gross movement control center (control movement, balance, posture)
44
True or false: each hemisphere of the cerebellum has ipsolateral control
True
45
Problems w/ cerebellum can lead to:
ataxia
46
What test can detect issues w/ cerebellum?
Romberg test
47
Reticular formation system
primitive brain
-receives input from cortex- integration area for input from postsensory pathways
-innervates thalamus, hypothalamus, and cortex
48
glia
structures that form myelin sheath around axons and provide protection and support
49
synapse (synaptic cleft)
connection site and area of communication between neurons where neurotransmitters are released
50
True or False: synapse converts electrical signal (action potential) from the presynaptic neuron into a chemical signal (NT) that is transferred to the postsynaptic neuron
True
51
What are the two phases of an action potential?
Depolarization- initial phase (excitatory response), when Na and Ca ions flow into the cell
Repolarization- restoration phase (inhibitory response) when K+ leaves the cell or chloride enters the cell
52
True or False: Issues in either structure or chemistry of the synapse interrupt normal flow of impulses and stimuli
True, this contributes to symptoms seen often in psych disorders
53
Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine and Serotonin are which type of NT?
Monoamines
-DA, Norepi, and Epi= catecholamines
-5HT = an indole
54
What is the precursor to dopamine?
tyrosine
55
Dopamine is removed from the synaptic cleft by _______ enzyme action
monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymatic action
56
The four dopaminergic pathways are:
mesocortical, mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, tuberoinfundibular
57
What is the precursor to norepinephrine
tyrosine
58
norepinephrine is removed from the synaptic cleft and returned to storage via an_______
active reuptake process
59
Where is epinephrine produced?
adrenal glands
-epinephrine system also referred to as adrenergic system
60
Where is serotonin produced?
raphe nuclei of the brain stem
61
What is the precursor to serotonin?
tryptophan
62
serotonin is removed from the synaptic cleft and returned to storage via an_____
active reuptake process
63
Which NTs are amino acids?
glutamate, aspartate, y-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine
64
True or False: glutamate is the universal inhibitory NT
False, glutamate is the universal excitatory NT
65
glutamate is involved in the process of ________
kindling, which is implicated in seizure disorders and possibly bipolar disorders
66
True or False: aspartate is another excitatory NT
True, works w/ glutamate
67
True or False: GABA is the universal inhibitory NT
True
68
Which NT is the site of action for benzos, alcohol, barbiturates, and other CNS depressants?
GABA
69
True or False: glycine is another excitatory NT
False, glycine is an inhibitory NT that works with GABA
70
acetylcholine is which type of NT?
cholinergic
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acetylcholine is synthesized by _____
basal nucleus of Meynert
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precursors to acetylcholine are ____
acetylcoenzyme A and choline
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NTs that are neuropeptides include
Non-opioid type: substance P, somatostatin
Opioid type: endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins
74
Function of neuropeptides
modulate pain; decreased amount of neuropeptides thought to cause substance abuse
75
True or false: enzymatic destruction occurs either in the cytosol or in the synapse
True
76
increase in acetylcholine implicated in
parkinsonian symptoms
77
decrease in acetylcholine implicated in
-Alzheimer's disease
-impaired memory
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increase in dopamine implicated in
-schizophrenia
-psychosis
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decrease in dopamine implicated in
-substance abuse
-anhedonia
-Parkinson's disease
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increase in norepinephrine implicated in
anxiety
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decrease in norepinephrine implicated in
depression
82
decrease in serotonin implicated in
-depression
-anxiety
-OCD
-schizophrenia
83
decrease in GABA implicated in
anxiety disorders
84
increase in glutamate implicated in
-bipolar affective disorder
-psychosis (from ischemic neurotoxicity or excessive pruning)
85
decrease in glutamate implicated in
-memory and learning difficulty
-negative symptoms of schizophrenia
86
decrease in opioid neuropeptides implicated in
substance abuse
87
True or False: reuptake pumps can remove the NT from acting in the synapse
True, the NT will be reloaded into the presynaptic neuron and recycled
88
dopamine general functions (5)
-thinking
-decision making
-reward-seeking behavior
-fine muscle action
-integrated cognition
89
norepinephrine general functions (6)
-alertness
-focused attention
-orientation
-primes fight or flight
-learning
-memory
90
serotonin general functions (7)
-regulate sleep
-pain perception
-mood states
-temperature
-regulate aggression
-libido
-precursor for melatonin
91
acetylcholine general functions (7)
-attention
-memory
-thirst
-mood regulation
-REM sleep
-sexual behavior
-muscle tone
92
GABA general functions (4)
Reduces:
-arousal
-aggression
-anxiety
-excitation
93
glutamate general functions (2)
-memory
-sustained autonomic functions
94
peptides, opioid type, main functions (4)
-modulate emotions
-reward-center function
-consolidation of memory
-modulates reactions to stress
95
strucutral imaging function
provides evidence of size and shape of anatomical structures
exp: CT, MRI
96
computed tomography (CT) provides ______
3-dimensional view of brain structures
-differentiates based on density
97
advantages of CT (2)
widely available, relatively inexpensive
98
disadvantages of CT
-lack of sensitivity
-can't differentiate white and gray matter
-can't view structures close to bone tissue
-underestimate brain atrophy
-can't image sagittal and coronal views
-suggestive, but no specific testing for psych disorders
99
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides _____
series of 2-dimensional images that represent the brain
100
advantages MRI
-can view brain structures close to skull
-can separate white and gray matter
-readily available
-resolution of brain tissue superior to CT scanning
101
disadvantages MRI
-expensive
-contraindications
-hard for claustrophobic pts
102
contraindications to MRI
-pacemakers
-metallic implants
-ventilators
103
functional imaging measures____
function of brain areas and bases resulting assessment on blood flow
-may use radioactive pharmaceuticals to cross blood-brain barrier
-mainly used for research
-exp: EEG, MEG, SPECT, PET
104
EEG and evolved potentials testing:
-least expensive
-convey info on electrical functioning of CNS
105
Magnetoencephalopgraphy (MEG):
-similar to EEG but detects different electrical activities
-often complementary w/ EEG
106
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT):
-provides info on cerebral blood flow
-limited availability
-expensive (less expensive than PET)
107
Positron emission tomography (PET)
-provides images of the brain when positron-emitting radionuclei interact w/ an electron
-expensive, requires extensive resources and support team
108
Tests that combine functional and structural imaging (4)
-Functional MRI (fMRI)
-3-dimensional, event-related functional MRI (3fEMRI)
-Fluorine magnetic spectroscopy
-Dopamine D2 receptor binding
109
How many chromosomes do humans have?
Normally 46 total (23 pairs)
110
What are the 4 nucleotide bases that make up DNA?
-adenine (A)
-thymine (T)
-cytosine (C)
-guanine (G)
111
True or False: genes direct the production of proteins
True
112
Pt that is a fast metabolizer of CYP4502D6 is an example of what?
a. chromosome b. genes c. phenotype d. DNA
c. phenotype
(observable characteristic of a specific trait, connected to the genetic contributions to that trait)
113
What does mRNA code for?
an amino acid
114
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) detect:
single base changes in DNA sequence
115
True or False: variable expression of a gene for a disorder occurs at the cellular level
True
116
Testing for which allele is required by FDA in people of Asian descent prior to prescribing carbamazepine? (d/t risk of SJS and TEN)
HLA-B*1502 allele, an inherited variant of HLA-B gene
