ch. 5 - social influences on exercise

Question 1

social support

Answer 1

refers to the perceived comfort, caring, assistance, and information that a person receives from others

Question 2

instrumental support

Answer 2

inovlves providing tangible, practical assistance that will help a person achieve exercise goals

Question 3

emotional support

Answer 3

occurs through the expression of encouragement, caring, empathy, and concern toward a person

Question 4

informational support

Answer 4

includes giving directions, advice, or suggestions about how to exercise and providing feedback regarding the exerciser’s progress

Question 5

companionship support

Answer 5

reflects the availability of people with whom one can exercise, such as a friend, family member, or exercise group

Question 6

validation support

Answer 6

involves comparing oneself with others in order to gauge progress and to confirm (or validate) that ones thoughts, feelings, problems and experiences are normal

Question 7

higher levels of social support equals…

Answer 7

higher level of physical activity

Question 8

the family: spousal or partner support

Answer 8

adults who participate in an exercise intervention with their partners reported significantly greater increases in physical activity

Question 9

behavioural reactance

Answer 9

the phenomenon whereby people respond in a direction opposite to the direction being advocated

Question 10

social control

Answer 10

behavioral reactance may occur when individuals perceive signifacnt others to be exerting SOCIAL CONTROL rather than providing social support

Question 11

transformational leadership

Answer 11

is a leadership style that cultivates positive changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of those who are being led

Question 12

behaviours of tranformational leadership (4)

Answer 12

1. idealized influence (engendering the trust and respect of others and acting as a role model)
2. inspirational motivation (showing enthusiasm and optimism about what others can accomplish and articulating a compelling vision of the future)
3. intellectual stimulation (engaging the rationality of others and causing them to look at old problems in new ways.
4. individualized consideration (demonstrating care and concern for others physical and psychological needs)

Question 13

group cohesion

Answer 13

is defined as a dynamic process reflected in the tendency of a group to stick together and remain untied in the pursuit of its instrumental objectives and/or for the satisfaction of member affective needs

Question 14

How can feelings of cohesion be increased in exercise classes?

Answer 14

1. develop feelings of distinctiveness among group members
2. assign group roles and/or positions
3. establish group norms
4. provide opportunities to make sacrifices for the group
5. provide opportunities for interaction

Question 15

social facilitation

Answer 15

the phenomenon in which people increase their effort and performance when others are watching them