Ch. 5 - The Skeletal System: Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

Question 1

Osseous Tissue

Answer 1

Bone, a supporting connective tissue

Question 2

Periosteum

Answer 2

Membrane that seprates osseous tissue from surrounding tissues

Question 3

Endosteum

Answer 3

Membrane that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones

Question 4

Matrix of Bone

Answer 4

Calcium phosphate 2/3 weight of bone (strong but brittle)

Collagen fibers 1/3 weight of bone (weaker but flexible)

Question 5

Functions of the Skeletal System

Answer 5

1. Support
2. Storage of Minerals
3. Blood Cell Production
4. Protection
5. Leverage

Question 6

Osteocytes

Answer 6

Type of bone cell

Mature bone cells that maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix.

Question 7

Lacunae

Answer 7

Small chambers that osteocytes occupy. Sandwiches between layers of calcified matrix.

Question 8

Lamellae

Answer 8

Matrix layers that sandwiches lacunae in bone

Question 9

Canaliculi

Answer 9

Channels that radiate through the bone matrix from lacuna to lacuna and toward free surfaces and adjacent blood vessels

Question 10

Osteoblasts

Answer 10

A type bone cell

Cells that are cuboidal in shape and found on the inner or outer surfaces of a bone. Produces new bone

Question 11

Osteoid

Answer 11

Organic component of bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts. It later becomes mineralized through an unknown mechanism

Question 12

Osteogenesis

Answer 12

A process of production of new bone

Question 13

Osteoprogenitor Cells

Answer 13

A type of bone cell

Differentiate from mesenchyme and are found on the innermost layer of the periosteum and in the endosteum lining the medullary cavities. Can divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.

Question 14

Osteoclasts

Answer 14

Type of bone cell

Secrete acids through the exocytosis of lysosomes. The acids dissolve the bony matrix and release amino acids and the stored calcium and phosphate.

Question 15

Osteolysis

Answer 15

Erosion process where acids dissolve the bony matrix. This process increaes the calcium and phosphate concentrations in body fluids

Question 16

Compact Bone

Answer 16

Relatively dense and solid.

Components: osteon, osteocytes, central canal, concentric lamellae, lacunae

Question 17

Spongy Bone

Answer 17

Forms an open network of struts and plates. Helps reduce weight of skeleton and makes it easier for muscles to move bones

Components: trabeculae (or spicules)

Question 18

Osteon

Answer 18

Basic functional unit of mature compact bone

Question 19

Central Canal

Answer 19

Contains the blood vessels that supply the esteon.

Question 20

Perforating Canals

Answer 20

Blood vessels in these canals deliver blood to osteons deeper in the bone and service the interior medullary cavity

Question 21

Periosteum

Answer 21

General structure of a long bone

A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints. A bone is covered externally by a two-layered periosteum (outer fibrous, inner cellular)

Question 22

Endosteum

Answer 22

General structure of a long bone

Vascular membrane that lines the inner surface of long bones.

Question 23

Epiphyses

Answer 23

General structure of a long bone

The end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft.

Question 24

Diaphyses

Answer 24

General structure of a long bone

The shaft or central part of a long bone.

Question 25

Metaphyses

Answer 25

General structure of a long bone The growing part of a long bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis

Question 26

Epiphyseal Plate/Line

Answer 26

General structure of a long bone A hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. The plate is found in children and adolescents; in adults, who have stopped growing, the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line.

Question 27

Medullary (Marrow) Cavity

Answer 27

General structure of a long bone The medullary cavity is the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow is stored

Question 28

Articular Cartilage

Answer 28

General structure of a long bone Prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within the joint.

Question 29

Ossification

Answer 29

Process of replacing other tissues with bone

Question 30

Calcification

Answer 30

The deposition of calcium salts within a tissue

Question 31

Intramembranous Ossification

Answer 31

Begins when mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts within embryonic or fibrous connective tissue

Question 32

Endochondral Ossification

Answer 32

Begins w/ the formation of a hyaline cartilage model. Uses interstitial (length increase) and appositional growth (diameter increase).

Question 33

Interstitial Growth

Answer 33

The cartilage model will grow in length by continuous cell division of chondrocytes, which is accompanied by further secretion of extracellular matrix (increases in length).

Question 34

Appositional Growth

Answer 34

Occurs when the cartilage model also grows in thickness due to the addition of more extracellular matrix on the peripheral cartilage surface, which is accompanied by new chondroblasts that develop from the perichondrium (increases in diameter).

Question 35

Wolff's Law

Answer 35

Bones remodel according to the stress they are subjected to

Question 36

Long Bones

Answer 36

A classification of bone Long and slender w/ a diaphysis, two metaphyses, two epiphyses, and a medullary (marrow) cavity Found in upper and lower limbs (e.g., humerus radius, ulna, tibia)

Question 37

Flat Bones

Answer 37

A classification of bone Thin, roughly parallel surfaces of compact bone (e.g., the roof of the skull).

Question 38

Pneumatized Bones

Answer 38

A classification of bone Bones that are hollow or contain numerous air pockets

Question 39

Irregular Bones

Answer 39

A classification of bone Complex shapes w/ short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces

Question 40

Short Bones

Answer 40

A classification of bone External surfaces are covered by compact bone, but the interior contains spongy bone (e.g., the carpal bones [wrist])

Question 41

Sesamoid Bones

Answer 41

A classification of bone Usually small, round, and flat (e.g., patella).

Question 42

Bone Markings

Answer 42

Surface features of bones that yield an abundance of anatomical information.

Question 43

Process

Answer 43

A bone marking (general elevation and projection) Any projection or bump

Question 44

Ramus

Answer 44

A bone marking (general elevation and projection) An extension of a bone making an angle to the rest of the structure

Question 45

Trochanter

Answer 45

A bone marking (process formed where tendons or ligaments attach) A large, rough projection

Question 46

Tuberosity

Answer 46

A bone marking (processes formed where tendons or ligaments attach) A rough projection

Question 47

Tubercle

Answer 47

A bone marking (processes formed where tendons or ligaments attach) A small rounded projection

Question 48

Crest

Answer 48

A bone marking (processes formed where tendons or ligaments attach) A prominent ridge

Question 49

Line

Answer 49

A bone marking (processes formed where tendons or ligaments attach) A low ridge

Question 50

Epicondyle

Answer 50

A bone marking (processes formed where tendons or ligaments attach) A protuberance above or on the condyle of a long bone

Question 51

Head

Answer 51

A bone marking (processes formed for articulartion w/ adjacent bones) The expanded articular end of an epiphysis, often separated from the shaft by a narrower neck

Question 52

Condyle

Answer 52

A bone marking (processes formed for articulartion w/ adjacent bones) A mooth, rounded articular process

Question 53

Facet

Answer 53

A bone marking (processes formed for articulartion w/ adjacent bones) A small, flat articular surface

Question 54

Fossa

Answer 54

A bone marking (depresions) A shallow depression

Question 55

Sulcus

Answer 55

A bone marking (depresions) A narrow groove

Question 56

Foramen (Canal)

Answer 56

A bone marking (openings) A rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves

Question 57

Meatus

Answer 57

A bone marking (openings) A passageway through the substance of a bone

Question 58

Fissure

Answer 58

A bone marking (openings) An elongated cleft

Question 59

Sinus

Answer 59

A bone marking (openings) A chamber within a bone, nornally filled with air

Question 60

Components of Skeletal System

Answer 60

Bones, cartilages, ligaments, and other connective tissues that stabilize or interconnect them.