Ch. 5 Vascular

Question 1

Total fluid energy of the vascular system is made up of

Answer 1

potential and kinetic energy

Question 2

Potential energy is

Answer 2

stored or resting energy

Question 3

Kinetic energy is

Answer 3

energy of work or motion

Question 4

Blood always moves from an area of _______ to an area of ______

Answer 4

high energy/pressure, low energy/pressure

Question 5

The highest pressure in the vascular system occurs in the

Answer 5

left ventricle of the heart

Question 6

What is the pressure of the left ventricle

Answer 6

120mmHg

Question 7

The lowest pressure in the vascular system occurs in the

Answer 7

right atrium

Question 8

What is the pressure of the right atrium

Answer 8

2-6mmHg

Question 9

Hydrostatic pressure is related to the

Answer 9

weight of the column of blood within the vessels

Question 10

Hydrostatic pressure is related to weight and

Answer 10

a reference point

Question 11

What is Bernoulli Principle

Answer 11

If velocity increases, then pressure must decrease

Question 12

When velocity decreases, what happens to pressure

Answer 12

it increases

Question 13

Relationship between velocity and pressure

Answer 13

inversely related

Question 14

What two things cause energy loss in the vascular system

Answer 14

inertia, viscosity

Question 15

What causes energy loss from conversion of friction to heat

Answer 15

viscosity

Question 16

What causes energy loss when blood is forced to change direction or velocity

Answer 16

inertia

Question 17

Inertial velocities depend on the

Answer 17

density and velocity of blood flow

Question 18

Property of a fluid that resists the force tending to cause fluid to flow (friction that exists between bordering layers of fluid)

Answer 18

viscosity

Question 19

Describes the steady laminar flow of Newtonian fluids and defines the pressure/flow relationships in the vascular system

Answer 19

poiseuille law

Question 20

What are the variables for poiseuille law

Answer 20

viscosity, vessel length, vessel radius

Question 21

What has a significant impact on flow due to being raised to the fourth power

Answer 21

radius

Question 22

Resistance of flow: ______ is equal to the _____ drop divided by _____

Answer 22

resistance, pressure, flow

Question 23

Resistance can therefore be expressed as

Answer 23

condensed poiseuille law

Question 24

In the circulatory system, the blood vessel _____ is virtually _____ and the blood _____ does not vary

Answer 24

length, constant, viscosity

Question 25

Changes in resistance to flow are due to change in

Answer 25

vessel radius

Question 26

In peripheral resistance, low resistance flow is

Answer 26

antegrade throughout the cardiac cycle

Question 27

Vessels that supply organs have a blood flow that is

Answer 27

low resistance

Question 28

In peripheral resistance, high resistance has _____ flow in _____, ______ in _______ with ______ flow later in diastole

Answer 28

forward, systole, "reflected wave", early diastole, antegrage

Question 29

High resistance has what flow in systole

Answer 29

forward

Question 30

High resistance has what flow in early diastole

Answer 30

"reflected wave"

Question 31

High resistance has what flow later in diastole

Answer 31

antegrade

Question 32

Result of a high resistance anterior bed

Answer 32

reflected wave

Question 33

Exercise produces ______, which ______ resistance

Answer 33

vasodilation, decreases

Question 34

Exercise on average will

Answer 34

increase blood flow 3-5 times of resting flow

Question 35

There is an increase in flow to meet

Answer 35

metabolic demands

Question 36

As flow progresses through the vessel, flow in the CENTER streamlines

Answer 36

moves faster than the streamlines at the edges (parabolic flow)

Question 37

Turbulence can be defined by

Answer 37

reynolds number

Question 38

reynolds number and the likelihood of turbulence is _____ proportional to what 3 things

Answer 38

directly / velocity, density, radius

Question 39

reynolds number and the likelihood of turbulence is INVERSELY proportional to

Answer 39

viscosity

Question 40

Hemodynamics and effects of exercise are

Answer 40

increases blood flow to as least 3-5 times resting values in normal limbs / induces vasodilation

Question 41

Poiseuille law describes the

Answer 41

steady laminar flow of newtonian fluids

Question 42

Poiseuille law defines the

Answer 42

pressure/flow relationships in the vascular system

Question 43

Reynolds number for laminar flow

Answer 43

1500

Question 44

Reynolds number for turbulent flow

Answer 44

2000

Question 45

Converts the pulsatile output of the heart to a steady flow through the capillaries

Answer 45

hydraulic filter

Question 46

What are part of the nervous system's control of peripheral blood flow (circulation)

Answer 46

potassium ions, hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide

Question 47

In hemodynamics of disease, what accounts for most abnormal energy losses in the arterial system

Answer 47

stenoses

Question 48

In hemodynamics of disease, what occurs at the entrance and exit of a stenosis

Answer 48

inertial energy losses

Question 49

Where do most inertial energy losses occur and why

Answer 49

exit, turbulence

Question 50

Critical stenosis has degree of narrowing at which pressure and flow begin to

Answer 50

decrease

Question 51

Critical stenosis typically occurs when _____ area has been _____ by _____

Answer 51

cross-sectional area, reduced, 75%

Question 52

Critical stenosis has diameter reduction of

Answer 52

50%

Question 53

In critical stenosis, a _____ in the length of a stenosis results in _____ increase in ______ across the stenosis

Answer 53

doubling, two-fold, energy losses

Question 54

Collateral vessels are _______ that enlarge with a stenosis or occlusion

Answer 54

preexisting pathways

Question 55

Collateral vessels help _____ at stenotic area, providing an alternative _____ for blood to reach _____ vascular bed

Answer 55

reduce resistance, pathway, distal

Question 56

If a collateral vessel develops _____ to a stenosis, the collateral will _____ the total ______

Answer 56

parallel, lower, resistance

Question 57

What 3 things will have little effect on collaterals

Answer 57

vasodilator drugs, exercise, sympathectomy