Ch. 5 Vitamins Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
What plays a crucial role in our overall health?
A
Vitamins
2
Q
There is a connection between inflammatory diseases, nutrition, and ___________.
A
Oral Health
3
Q
What are impacted by vitamins?
A
Perio, gingivitis, and biofilm
4
Q
In what way could concerns with supplementation have both a negative and positive affect?
A
- Could cause interactions with other medications
- Systemic reactions within the body
5
Q
Losing teeth (caries/perio) affects patient eating nutritious food. These patient may need ________.
A
Vitamins
6
Q
What are carbon based organ molecules and needed in small quantities to help with metabolic/cellular processes?
A
Vitamins
7
Q
Essential Vitamins:
A
Cannot be made by the body
8
Q
Available in food sources and in supplements:
A
Essential Vitamins
9
Q
Some vitamins can be made in the body from:
A
Precursor molecules
10
Q
Megadose supplementation work on the principle that….
A
If a little is good, more Is better
May not be true, excesses can produce disease states
11
Q
Antioxidants:
A
-Protect cells from environmental stressors
_Thought to prevent cell damage or cell death
-Some vitamins are considered antioxidants (vitamins that protect cells)
12
Q
Categories of Vitamins:
A
- Water Soluble
- Fat Soluble
13
Q
Water soluble Vitamins:
A
- Vitamin C
- All of the B vitamin complex
14
Q
Fat Soluble Vitamins:
A
-Vitamins A,D,E,K
15
Q
Fat Soluble and Water Soluble vitamins differ in:
A
- Food sources of the vitamins
- Vitamin stability during cooking
- Functions in the body
- Absorption and distribution in the body
- Body’s ability to store vitamins in tissue for future use
16
Q
Recommended dietary allowance (RDA):
A
- Amount of Vitamins thought to be needed for good health(only small amounts are needed)
- Considers age and sex in the recommendation
- Each vitamin has its own RDA based on body needs
17
Q
Amount of a vitamin thought to be needed for good health:
A
Only SMALL amounts
18
Q
What is released from food during digestion but NOT digested?
A
Vitamins
19
Q
Water Soluble Vitamins absorption:
A
-Absorbed directly into the bloodstream from the small intestines
20
Q
Fat Soluble Vitamins absorption: (A,D,E,K):
A
- Pass into cells of small intestine with fatty acids
- Travel through lymphatic system to bloodstream and body cells
- Require lipoprotein molecules to circulate though blood
- May be stored
- and because of that can be toxic in excessive amounts
21
Q
Concerns in a person with malabsorption syndrome may result in:
A
Deficiency of vitamin if it cannot be absorbed as required
22
Q
Toxicity and Imbalance are generally controlled with absorption and excretion through:
A
- Excessive amounts of Water-Soluble vitamins that are readily excreted by the kidney
- Excessive amounts of Fat-Soluble vitamins may be stored to toxic levels in the body tissues (some is excreted in feces)
23
Q
How does toxicity occur?
A
- Vitamins added to foods during processing
- Eating too much of a certain food (binging)
- Megadoses of supplements
24
Q
Most toxic vitamins:
A
- Vitamin D (MOST TOXIC)
- Vitamin B6 and B3 (Niacin)
25
Imbalances occur when:
Too much of one vitamin is added to an adequate diet
26
Having an imbalance in your diet can cause:
- Deficiency of other vitamins
| - Coenzyme functions
27
Coenzyme Functions:
- B Vitamins act together in energy production
- Excess of one of the B vitamins prevent others from working in cooperation
- Then cellular energy production fails
28
____________ are not synthesized by the body and must be acquired through the diet or supplementation. (Can NOT get these naturally)
Essential Vitamins
29
____________ are made in the body from precursor molecules.
Synthesized vitamins
30
Synthesized Vitamins:
- Niacin from amino acid tryptophan
- Vitamin D from cholesterol in the skin interacting with UV light
- Vitamin A from carotene molecule
- Normal flora bacteria synthesize vitamins K,H, and B5 in the colon
31
Functions of vitamins:
- Energy metabolism
| - Protein synthesis of body tissues, enzymes, hormones, and components of cells
32
Energy Metabolism:
Conversion of glucose to ATP
| adenosine triphosphate
33
Antioxidants:
- Vitamins protect cells from oxidative stress of free radicals
- Free radicals occur when cellular components interact with oxygen atoms
- Free radicals are highly reactive and will begin a chain reaction releasing other oxygen atoms from their bonds which results in additional damage to calls
- Free radicals damage cellular structures at the molecular level
34
Antioxidants
________________
Free radicals formed in the body:
- When food is conveyed to energy
- When body is exercising
- When exposure to pollutants occur
35
Antioxidants
________________
Oxidative stress (by the free radicals) can result in:
- Cancer
- Heart and blood vessel disease
- Eye disease: cataracts, macular degeneration
- Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease
- Aging
36
Antioxidants
________________
Role of vitamin antioxidants:
Intercepts the single oxygen atom before the chain reaction releasing more oxygen atoms can occur
37
A little about Co-Q 10:
- Vitamin like, but not generally classified as a vitamin
- Has antioxidant properties
- Found in body tissues: heart, liver, kidney
- Found in food sources: Fish, meat, whole grains
- Available as a supplement
- Plays role in cellular energy production
- May benefit person with heart failure and recovery from heart surgery
38
Benefits of food processing: (Positive things)
- Makes food safer by eliminating harmful bacteria
- Extends shelf life
- Enables companies to produce and sell foods in large quantities for the consumer
- Makes food more affordable
39
Limitations of food processing: (Negative things)
-Destruction of vitamin molecules and other nutrients
40
Fortification of processed foods:
- Vitamins and minerals added to the food product during or after processing
- May add nutrients to food that do not naturally occur in those foods
EX: Calcium added to orange juice
41
Enrichment of processed foods:
-Vitamins and minerals lost during processing are added to food product
EX: Fiber added back to milled bread
42
Nutrients are lost in food processing due to:
- High temperature
- Light
- Oxygen exposure
43
Food preparation techniques that cause nutrient depletion:
- Boiling releases nutrients into cooking water
- Prolonged exposure to heat, such as a Crock-Pot cooking or roasting
- Even fertilizers can affect vitamin content
44
Tips for getting the most nutrients from foods:
- Select fresh fruits and remember the longer they sit the less vitamin content they have
- Shop for fruits and vegetables that are in season
- Select frozen foods that have not been thawed and refrozen
- Select canned foods that do not contain salt or sugar for preservatives
- Select foods that are preserved using high pressure rather than high temp. When available
- Wash fresh fruits and vegetables instead of peeling them
- Select the shortest cooking method possible
45
Water Soluble Vitamin
| Thiamine B1 Function:
- Coenzyme in the metabolism of major nutrients
| - Plays a role in growth and development of cells
46
Water Soluble Vitamin
| Thiamine B1 Sources:
- Enriched and fortified bread and cereal
- Infant formula
- Pork, black beans
47
Water Soluble Vitamin
Thiamine B1
Deficiency: (beriberi)
- RARE in the US
- Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome-assoc. w/
- alcohol abuse
- GI disorders
- Leukemias
- HIV/AIDS
- Some Medications
48
Water Soluble Vitamins
Thiamine B1
Excesses:
Generally, excess thiamine is excreted in the urine
49
Water Soluble Vitamins
Riboflavin B2
Function:
- Coenzyme Essential In production of ATP
- Growth and development
- Metabolism of drugs
50
Water Soluble Vitamins
Riboflavin B2
Sources:
- Enriched and fortified bread and cereal
| - Milk products
51
Water Soluble Vitamins
Riboflavin B2
Deficiency:
- Ariboflavinosis (RARE in the US)
- Sometimes attributed to thyroid hormone deficiency
- Other groups: Vegetarians, pregnant women, lactose intolerant persons
52
Water Soluble Vitamins
Riboflavin B2
Excesses:
Filtered and excreted by the kidney
53
Water Soluble Vitamins
Niacin
Function:
- Needed for all cell functions
| - Also aids in conversion of glucose released from food into energy
54
Water Soluble Vitamins
Niacin
Sources:
- Yeast, meat, beans, nuts, coffee
| - Fortified grains
55
Water Soluble Vitamins
Niacin
Deficiency:
Pellagra (RARE in the Untied States because of fortified foods
56
Water Soluble Vitamins
Niacin
Excesses:
- Causes flushing at Rex. Dosages
- Other signs of excess
- Liver dysfunction
- Gout
- GI ulcers
- High blood sugar
- Irregular heart beat
57
Water Soluble Vitamins
Pyroxidine B6
Function:
- Coenzyme in the production of ATP
- Formation of red and white blood cells
- Formation of chemical mediators of the immune response
58
Water Soluble Vitamins
Pyroxidine B6
Sources:
- Chickpeas, potatoes,bananas
- Liver, tuna, salmon, chicken breast
- Fortified foods
59
Water Soluble Vitamins
Pyroxidine B6
Deficiency:
- Microcytic anemia
- Depression
- A toxic water-Soluble vitamin can be stored in muscle and liver
- Can cause neurological damage
60
Water Soluble Vitamins
Folate B9
Function:
- Coenzyme in synthesis of nucleus acids
| - Metabolism of amino acids (DNA, RNA)
61
Water Soluble Vitamins
Folate B9
Sources:
- Beef liver
- Dark, leafy green vegetables, black eyed peas, asparagus, and Brussels sprouts
- Fortified and Enriched flour products:Cereal, Rice, spaghetti noodles
62
Water Soluble Vitamins
Folate B9
Deficiency:
- High risk groups
- Alcoholics
- GI diseases
63
Water Soluble Vitamins
Folate B9
Excesses:
Research on mega dosing as treatment for megaloblastic anemia
64
Water Soluble Vitamins
Cobalamin B12
Function:
- Production of hemoglobin
| - Production if DNA, RNA, hormones
65
Water Soluble Vitamins
Cobalamin B12
Sources:
- Clams, Salmon, Tuna
| - Fortified and Enriched cereals
66
Water Soluble Vitamins
Cobalamin B12
Deficiency:
-Pernicious anemia (also known as megaloblastic anemia), which prevents absorption of the vitamin from the digestive tract
67
Signs of deficiency from Cobalamin B12:
Nerve damage, depression, and memory loss
Oral signs: soreness of the tongue and Mucosa
68
High risk groups of deficiency from cobalamin B12:
GI disorders, weight loss surgery and vegans
69
Water Soluble Vitamins
Cobalamin B12
Excesses:
RARE
70
Water Soluble Vitamins
Biotin H
Function:
- Participates in synthesis of DNA and RNA
- Participates in releasing energy from major nutrients
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels
71
Water Soluble Vitamins
Biotin H
Sources:
-Produced by normal flora in intestinal tract
- Food Sources:
- Liver
- Salmon
- cauliflower
- carrots
- bananas
- Fortified cereals
72
Water Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin C
Function:
- Assists with collagen fiber formation
- Strengthen immune system function
- Aids with iron and calcium absorption
- Assists with protein metabolism
- Antioxidants
- Posses Some antihistamine propertied to reduce swelling
73
Water Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin C
Sources:
- Fruits and Vegetables
- Red and green peppers
- Citrus fruits/juices
- Kiwi
- cauliflower
- broccoli
- tomatoes
- strawberries
- Fortified foods
74
Water Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin C
Deficiency:
- Scurvy
- gingival inflammation
- petechiae and bruising, poor healing
- joint pain
75
Water Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin C
Excesses:
- Can be stored in some organs, toxicity possible
- Signs:
- Diarrhea
- Kidney stones
- Iron toxicity
76
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A
Function:
- Formation and function of tissues of the eye
- Immune system function
- Formation of other organs such as the heart, lungs, and kidney
77
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A
Sources:
- Sweet potatoes
- Spinach
- Pumpkin
- Carrots
- Beef liver
- Fortified foods
78
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A
Deficiency:
-RARE in US, more common in dev. Countries
- Hypocuraminlsis A signs:
- Poor immune system function
- Slow growth
- Night blindness w/ exophthalmia, macular degeneration
- Increased incidence of periodontal disease
79
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A
Excesses:
Signs:
- Increased risk of lung cancer in smokers
- Double vision
- Reduced bone density and increased risk of fractures
80
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin D
Function:
- assist with calcium absorption and maintenance of blood calcium levels
* -assist with bone formation, remodeling and growth
- aids in nerve and muscle function, immune system function
- Assists with reduction of inflammation
81
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin D
Sources:
- Swordfish
- Salmon
- Tuna
- Fortified foods such as orange juice and milk
82
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin D
Deficiency:
- Rickets-deficiency in children
- Osteomalacia- deficiency in adults (both from rickets
- Signs:
- bone deformities and bone pain
- delayed formation of dentition and poorly calcified teeth
83
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin D
Excesses:
```
-In conjunction with excess calcium-kidney stones and calcification of blood vessels
Signs:
-anorexia
-frequent urination
-cardiac dysfunction
```
84
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin E
Function:
- antioxidant
- immune system function
- inhibits blood clotting
85
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin E
Sources:
- oils from seeds
- Sunflowers
- almonds
- hazelnuts
86
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin E
Deficiency:
```
-GI disorders affecting absorption
Signs:
-nerve pain, loss of muscle coordination
-retinal degeneration
-immune system disorders
```
87
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin E
Excesses:
- RARE when taken in food sources, occurs with supplementation in large doses
- Nausea, diarrhea
- Increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke and bleeding
88
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin K
Function:
- Assists with blood clotting
| - Assists with bone metabolism
89
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin K
Sources:
- produced by normal flora of the intestine
| - dark leafy green vegetables, broccoli, soybeans, carrot juice
90
When you see vitamin K think of......
(K)lotting
91
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin K
Deficiency:
- May occur with use of broad-spectrum of drugs that kill intestinal bacteria
- GI disorders
Signs:
- Increased bleeding time
- Failure to clot
92
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin K
Excesses:
Interfere with anticoagulant medications
93
Counseling Dental Patients about Vitamins:
- Inquire about nutrition and supplementation
- Carefully examine soft and hard oral tissues
- Individualize treatment plan
- High alert for vitamin related conditions
94
High alert for vitamin related conditions is:
- Chronic dieter
- Denture patient
- Experiencing high incidence of caries
- Experiencing periodontal disease or oral lesions
- Experiencing xerostomia
- Requires multiple medications for conditions
