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Nutrition Exam 2 > Ch. 6 Minerals > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Minerals Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

Sources of deficiencies in American diet

A 
Inadequate nutrient-rich foods in diet
Fad diets
Systemic disorders 
Age
Gender
Race
Cultural habits
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2
Q

Combination of vitamins and minerals needed for optimal health

A

Essential molecules

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3
Q

Noncaloric vitamins and minerals needed in small quantities for the body

A

Micronutrients

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4
Q

Are minerals organic or inorganic

A

Inorganic (do not contain carbon)

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5
Q

Minerals must be _____ to function in the body

A

Dissolved in solvent (usually water)

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6
Q

Most minerals function in their ____ form

A

Ionic

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7
Q

Is turnover of minerals in the body required?

A

YES

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8
Q

Where are minerals found?

A

Many body tissues

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9
Q

Minerals needed in quantities > 100 mg/day

A

Major minerals

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10
Q

What are major minerals also called?

A

Macrominerals

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11
Q

The major minerals are :

A 
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium 
Phosphorus (phosphate) 
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfur
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12
Q

Minerals needed in quantities less that 100 mg/day

A

Trace minerals

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13
Q

How many trace minerals are there?

A

More than 30

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14
Q

Roles of minerals in the body

A

Converting macronutrients (glucose, proteins, fats) into energy
Synthesizing or activating enzymes
Forming hormones
Forming vitamins form precursor molecules
Forming RBCs and WBCs and recycling minerals from broken down cells
Growth and development of the brain
Immune system function
Muscle contraction
Nerve transmission
Intercellular and extracellular fluid balance and homeostasis
Forming connective tissue
Functions as antioxidants

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15
Q

What is ATP?

A

The form of chemical energy cells can use

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16
Q

Minerals convert macronutrients to energy to produce ATP to..

A

Power cellular processes

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17
Q

Examples of connective tissue that minerals help form

A

Blood
Bone
Fibers
Cartilage

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18
Q

What food groups contain food lush in minerals

A

All

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19
Q

____ and _____ impact the mineral content of food sources

A

Soil, environmental conditions

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20
Q

How do minerals enter the food chain?

A

Plants absorbing them from soil and water, animals eat the plants, the decaying plant and animals recycle minerals back into the environment and soil

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21
Q

Absorption of minerals

A

Largely from the intestine
In ionic forms
Minerals are NOT digested

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22
Q

Storage of minerals

A

Very limited capacity to store minerals in the organs

Excess mineral consumption results in excretion from the kidney

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23
Q

Minerals are available for use in body functions. It involves…

A

Absorption
Transport to location for use
Transformation to usable by cells

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24
Q

Imbalances in minerals lead to

A

Dysfunction

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25
Antioxidants, flavonoids, phytonutrients in fruits and vegetables
Phytochemicals
26
Phytates or oxalates are phytochemicals that can
Prevent absorption of minerals when in excessive amounts | Cause mineralization within organs when in excessive amounts
27
Usual causes of mineral deficiency
Restriction or elimination of mineral rich foods in diet | Deficiency in vitamin needed to facilitate absorption or activation of the mineral
28
Groups that may be deficient in minerals
Lactose intolerant (calcium) Anorexic (potassium) Young women 20-29 (iodine) Children and women of child bearing age (iron) Vegetarians/vegans (zinc) People taking drugs and alcohol (potassium and magnesium)
29
Most common mineral deficiencies
``` Calcium Zinc Iron Magnesium Iodide ```
30
Mineral excess is
Rare
31
Most common mineral taken in excess in the United States is
Sodium
32
What do electrolytes regulate
Neutral transmission Muscle cell contraction Acid base balance in blood Intra/extra cellular water balance
33
What do electrolytes do?
Regulate body functions Sodium potassium pump Acid base balance
34
Active transport of mineral ions across semipermeable membrane and assists in sending messages along cell membranes in neutral transmission
Sodium potassium pump
35
Adjusts pH of blood within small tolerance levels preventing acidosis or alkalosis
Acid base balance
36
Electrolytes in the human body
``` Sodium chloride Potassium Calcium Magnesium Phosphate ```
37
Function of sodium
Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure and conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction
38
Food sources of sodium
Many sources; mik products, beets, celery, red meat
39
Sodium
(Na+)
40
Deficiency of sodium
Hyponatremia | Rare and occurs with organ failures and diuretic medication
41
Excess of sodium
Hypernatremia “Salty Six” breads cold cuts pizza poultry canned soup and fast food Dehydration
42
Potassium
(K+)
43
What does potassium do?
Participated in maintaining fluid balance Assists with muscle contraction Contributes to bone health by helping to prevent calcium loss from bones
44
Deficiency of potassium
Hypokalemia Rare but can occur with diuretic medication, kidney disease, uncontrolled diabetes, bulimia, excessive fluid loss due to diarrhea and vomiting
45
Often potassium is lost when these medications work in the kidney and results in
Diuretic medication Reduction of blood pressure And reduction of edema in heart lungs and liver
46
Hypokalemia
Too little potassium
47
Chloride
(Cl-)
48
Chloride works with sodium in what
Fluid balance
49
Chloride is a component in what?
Stomach acid (HCl) to change the nature of proteins in food and helps kill bacteria
50
Minerals for energy metabolism
``` Phosphate Magnesium Manganese Iodide Chromium ```
51
Phosphate
(P)
52
Phosphate functions in the body
Assists in formation of teeth and bones and reduction of ATP to release energy
53
Phosphate deficiency
Severe malnutrition alcoholism, severe burns and certain chronic diseases
54
Phosphate excesses
Dialysis patients Massive infection Crushing injuries Excessive supplementation
55
Magnesium
(MG⬇️2+)
56
Functions of magnesium
Mineralizes teeth and bones Neutral transmission and muscle contraction Protein synthesis Production of energy
57
Sources of magnesium
Green leafy vegetables - comes from chlorophyll
58
Deficiency of magnesium
Starvation diet, malabsorption syndrome, kidney or intestinal dysfunction
59
Excesses of magnesium
Causes loss of calcium from bone, low blood pressure, and cardiac arrest
60
Manganese
(Mn)
61
Functions of manganese
Participates in enzyme reactions: carb metabolism Production of neural transmission substances Participates in wound repair
62
Sources of manganese
Green tea | Brown rice
63
Deficiency of manganese
Growth retardation and skeletal abnormalities
64
Excesses of manganese
Tremors, difficulty walking, irritability, hallucinations
65
Iodide
(I-)
66
Functions of iodide
Component of thyroid hormones Regulate protein synthesis and enzyme function Fetal development Immune system function
67
Sources of iodide
Iodized salt
68
Deficiency of iodide
During pregnancy: miscarriage/still birth Growth retardation, mental deficits, others Goiter
69
Excesses of iodide
Goiter
70
Function of chromium
Mobilization of glucose for the function of insulin on cells
71
Sources of chromium
Meats Whole grains Broccoli
72
Chromium deficiency
Associated with type II diabetes
73
Excesses of chromium
Can result in either a deficiency or an excess in the mineral
74
Minerals for tissue synthesis
``` Calcium Fluoride Zinc Phosphate Magnesium ```
75
Functions of calcium
Contributes to muscle contraction, nerve transmission, hormone production Major component of teeth and bones Maintaining normal heart rhythm and blood clotting
76
Sources of calcium
Dairy products, soy, almond milk
77
Deficiency of calcium
Hypocalcemia Osteomalacia (bone mineralization reduced) Osteopenia (insufficient calcium in blood) Rickets (children appear bow legged)
78
Excesses of calcium
Usually caused by excessive supplementation | May contribute to CVD/calcification but may also improve blood pressure
79
Fluoride
(F-)
80
Functions of fluoride
Increased retention of calcium in bones and teeth as hydroxyapatite crystals
81
Sources or fluoride
Ground water Tea Gelatin
82
Deficiency of fluoride
Increased incidence of dental decay and bone fractures in geriatric patients
83
Excesses of fluoride
When occurring during tooth development: fluorosis
84
Zinc functions
Participates in enzymatic actions Wound healing, immune system Protein synthesis and cell division
85
Sources of zinc
Red meat, shellfish, poultry
86
Zinc deficiency
May occur in lactating mothers and their infants and vegetarians
87
Excesses of zinc
Present in dentures adhesive, use in small amounts | May alter copper absorption, iron and immune system functions, and cholesterol levels
88
Minerals needed for red blood cell synthesis
Iron | Copper
89
Functions of iron
Component of hemoglobin | Synthesis of proteins
90
Sources of iron
Heme iron- animal sources Nonheme iron- plant sources Absorption enhanced in the presence of foods containing vitamin c
91
Iron deficiency
Bleeding, malabsorption syndromes, intestinal parasites Food insecure households/most prevalent nutritional problem in the world Anemia
92
Excesses of iron
Most toxic mineral in large enough quantities | Hemochromatosis (hereditary disease)
93
Functions of copper
Aids in absorption of iron Regulates energy production and formation of cells Antioxidant
94
Sources of copper
Animal and plant foods; shellfish, leafy greens, dried fruits, cocoa
95
Deficiency of copper
Rare but can occur in malabsorption diseases | Can result in osteoporosis and anemia
96
Excesses of copper
Results in hepatitis, hemolytic anemia, kidney damage
97
Antioxidant minerals
Selenium Sulfur Both work with vitamins a, c, e
98
Functions of selenium
Antioxidant in combination with vitamin e Thyroid hormone metabolism DNA synthesis
99
Sources of selenium
Plants grown in selenium rich soil
100
Selenium deficiency
Cardiac weakness, osteoarthritis, dialysis, HIV | Areas where selenium is not found in soil: Asia
101
Excess of selenium
Heart attack, respiratory distress, neurological problems
102
Functions of sulfur
Component of biotin and thiamin vitamins Component of enzymes that help with metabolism and removal of drugs Assists with liver function
103
Source of sulfur
Meat, poultry, fish, legumes, food preservatives
104
Deficiency and excesses of sulfur
None known

Nutrition Exam 2 (3 decks)

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