Ch. 5 Vocab

Question 1

a social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another person’s (the hypnotist’s) suggestion that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Answer 1

hypnosis

Question 2

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

Answer 2

posthypnotic suggestion

Question 3

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

Answer 3

dissociation

Question 4

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Answer 4

circadian rhythm

Question 5

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; aka paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

Answer 5

REM sleep

Question 6

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

Answer 6

alpha waves

Question 7

periodic, natural loss of consciousness—as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

Answer 7

sleep

Question 8

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Answer 8

hallucinations

Question 9

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

Answer 9

delta waves

Question 10

nonrapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

Answer 10

NREM sleep

Question 11

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm; in response to light, it causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

Answer 11

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 12

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

Answer 12

insomnia

Question 13

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

Answer 13

narcolepsy

Question 14

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

Answer 14

sleep apnea

Question 15

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, they occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

Answer 15

night terrors

Question 16

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

Answer 16

dream

Question 17

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)

Answer 17

manifest content

Question 18

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)

Answer 18

latent content

Question 19

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

Answer 19

REM rebound

Question 20

continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

Answer 20

substance use disorder

Question 21

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

Answer 21

psychoactive drug

Question 22

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

Answer 22

tolerance

Question 23

compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (such as gambling) despite known adverse consequences

Answer 23

addiction

Question 24

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

Answer 24

withdrawal

Question 25

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Answer 25

depressants

Question 26

(popularly known as alcoholism); alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use

Answer 26

alcohol use disorder

Question 27

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

Answer 27

barbiturates

Question 28

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Answer 28

opiates

Question 29

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

Answer 29

stimulants

Question 30

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Answer 30

amphetamines

Question 31

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

Answer 31

nicotine

Question 32

a powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria

Answer 32

cocaine

Question 33

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

Answer 33

methamphetamine

Question 34

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen; produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition

Answer 34

Ecstasy (MDMA)

Question 35

psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Answer 35

hallucinogens

Question 36

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)

Answer 36

LSD

Question 37

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

Answer 37

near-death experience

Question 38

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

Answer 38

THC

Question 39

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Answer 39

consciousness