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Biology II > ch. 50 hearing > Flashcards

ch. 50 hearing Flashcards

1
Q

stimuli =

A

energy

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2
Q

what does a sensory receptor convert stimulus energy into

A

a change in the membrane potential

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3
Q

4 basic functions of sensory pathways

A
  1. sensory reception
  2. transduction
  3. transmission
  4. perception
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4
Q

sensory reception

A

detection of stimuli by sensory receptors

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5
Q

what are sensory receptors

A

sensory cells or organs

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6
Q

neuronal receptors

A

receptor is the afferent neuron

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7
Q

non-neuronal receptors

A

receptor regulates afferent neuron

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8
Q

sensory transduction

A

conversion of stimulus energy into a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor

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9
Q

receptor potential

A

change in membrane potential

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10
Q

what are receptor potentials

A

graded potentials - magnitude varies with the strength of the stimulus

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11
Q

transmission

A

sensory information travels through the nervous system as action potentials

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12
Q

2 types of sensory receptors

A
  1. neuronal
  2. non-neuronal
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13
Q

what does the size of a receptor potential increase with

A

intensity of the stimulus

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14
Q

in sensory neurons that spontaneously generate action potentials at a low rate, a stimulus changes…

A

how often an action potential is produced

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15
Q

when can processing of sensory information occur

A

before, during, and after transmission of action potentials to the CNS

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16
Q

when does integration begin

A

as soon as the information is received

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17
Q

what does integration involve

A

processing of sensory information - brain receives sensory input and then forms response

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18
Q

perception

A

brain’s construction of stimuli

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19
Q

how does the brain distinguish stimuli from different receptors?

A

based on the path by which the action potentials arrive

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20
Q

amplification

A

strengthening of a sensory signal during transduction

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21
Q

sensory adaptation

A

decrease in responsiveness to continued stimulation

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22
Q

5 categories of sensory receptors

A
  1. mechanoreceptors
  2. chemoreceptors
  3. electromagnetic receptors
  4. thermoreceptors
  5. pain receptors
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23
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

sense physical deformation caused by forms of mechanical energy

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24
Q

what do mechanoreceptors typically consist of

A

ion channels linked to structures that end outside the cell
- like hair cells

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25
Q

what does the mammalian sense of touch rely on

A

mechanoreceptors that are dendrites of sensory neurons

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26
Q

what do mechanoreceptors open

A

mechanically gated channels

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27
Q

chemoreceptors

A

transmit information about the total solute concentration of a solution or respond to ind. kinds of molecules

28
Q

what happens when a stimulus molecule binds to a chemoreceptor

A

chemoreceptor becomes more/less permeable to ions

29
Q

what do the antennae of male silkworm moths have

A

very sensitive specific chemoreceptors

30
Q

what do chemoreceptors open

A

chemically gated channels

31
Q

electromagnetic receptors

A

detect electromagnetic energy (light, electricity, magnetism)

32
Q

what type of receptors does the platypus have on its bill

A

electromagnetic rectors that detect electric field generated by prey

33
Q

how do animals apparently migrate

A

using earth’s magnetic field to orient themselves

34
Q

what do electromagnetic receptors open

A

electrically gated channels

35
Q

thermoreceptors

A

detect heat and cold

36
Q

what do certain snakes rely on thermoreceptors to do

A

detect infrared radiation emitted by warm prey

37
Q

capsaicin

A
  • in jalapeno and cayenne peppers
  • receptors that respond to capsaicin respond to high temperatures also by opening a calcium channel
38
Q

what do changes in temperature open

A

calcium channels

39
Q

pain receptors/nociceptors

A

detect stimuli that reflect harmful conditions

40
Q

what do pain receptors respond to

A

excess heat, pressure, or chemicals released from damaged/inflamed tissues

41
Q

what do chemicals produced in an animal’s body sometimes enhance

A

perception of pain

42
Q

how do most invertebrates maintain equilibrium

A

mechanoreceptors located in organs called statocysts

43
Q

what do statocysts contain

A

mechanoreceptors that detect the movement of granules called statoliths

44
Q

statoliths

A

provide information about the body position with respect to gravity

45
Q

how do insects hear/respond to sound

A
  • body hairs that vibrate in response to sound waves
  • localized organs w/ tympanic membrane stretched over internal air chamber
46
Q

how do crickets hear

A
  • with legs
  • detect changes in atmospheric pressure
  • mechanically gated
47
Q

where are sensory organs for hearing/equilibrium located in most terrestrial vertebrates

A

ear

48
Q

pathway of hearing

A
  1. moving air reaches outer ear and vibrates tympanic membrane
  2. 3 bones of middle ear transmit vibrations to oval window
  3. pressure waves created in fluid of cochlea
  4. waves push down on cochlear duct and basilar membrane
  5. basilar membrane/attached hair cells vibrate up/down
  6. bending of hair cells depolarizes membranes of mechanoreceptors and sends action potentials to brain via auditory nerve
49
Q

what do vibrating objects create

A

pressure waves in air

50
Q

what does ear transduce pressure wave stimulus into

A

nerve impulses

51
Q

what do we rely on to hear sounds

A

hair cells

52
Q

hair cells

A

sensory cells with hairlike projections that detect motion

53
Q

how do fluid waves dissipate

A
  • when they strike round window at end of tympanic canal
  • dampening of sound resets apparatus for next vibrations to arrive
54
Q

what does the ear capture information about

A

volume and pitch

55
Q

volume

A

amplitude of the sound wave

56
Q

pitch

A

the frequency of the sound wave

57
Q

how can the cochlea determine pitch

A
  • basilar membrane not uniform along its length
  • each region of basilar membrane is tuned to a particular vibration frequency
58
Q

do lower or higher frequencies travel further

A

lower

59
Q

what do several organs in the inner ear detect

A

body movement, position, and balance

60
Q

what do the utricle and saccule contain

A

hair cells projecting into gelatinous material

61
Q

what are embedded in the gel of the inner ear

A

granules called otoliths

62
Q

otoliths

A

granules that allow us to perceive position relative to gravity or linear movement

63
Q

semicircular canals

A

3 canals that contain fluid and can detect angular movement in any direction

64
Q

where do fish have a pair of inner ears

A

near the brain

65
Q

method of equilibrium maintenance in fish and aquatic amphibians

A

lateral line system along both sides of their body

66
Q

lateral line system

A

contains mechanoreceptors with hair cells that detect and respond to water movement

Biology II (43 decks)

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