Ch 52

Question 1

the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment, which determine the distributions of organisms and their abundance

Answer 1

ecology

Question 2

the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems

Answer 2

biosphere

Question 3

examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere

Answer 3

global ecology

Question 4

mosaic of connected ecosystems

Answer 4

landscape or seascapes

Question 5

focuses on the exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems

Answer 5

landscapes ecology

Question 6

is the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact

Answer 6

ecosystems

Question 7

emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components

Answer 7

ecosystem ecology

Question 8

is a group of populations of different species in an area

Answer 8

community

Question 9

deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community

Answer 9

community ecology

Question 10

is a group of individuals of the same species living in an area

Answer 10

population

Question 11

focuses on factors affecting population size over time

Answer 11

population ecology

Question 12

studies how an organism’s structure, physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet environmental challenges

includes physiological, evolutionary, and behavioral ecology

Answer 12

organismal ecology

Question 13

the long term prevailing weather conditions in an area constitutes its

Answer 13

climate

Question 14

four major abiotic components of climate are

Answer 14

temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind

Question 15

consists of patterns on the global, regional, and landscape, level

Answer 15

macroclimate

Question 16

consists of very fine patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms underneath a fallen log

Answer 16

microclimate

Question 17

plots the temperature and precipitation in a region

Answer 17

climograph

Question 18

the area of integration, an _____, may be wide or narrow

Answer 18

ecotone

Question 19

vertical layering is an important feature; in a forest it might consist of an upper ______, low tree layer, shrub understory, ground layer, forest floor, and root layer

Answer 19

canopy

Question 20

an event such as a storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community

Answer 20

disturbance

Question 21

rainfall is relatively constant

Answer 21

tropical rain forest

Question 22

precipitation is highly seasonal

Answer 22

tropical dry forests

Question 23

occur in bands near 30 degree north and south of the equator, and in the interior of continents

Answer 23

deserts

Question 24

-precipitation is seasonal
-equatorial and subequatorial regions
-common inhabitats: insects and mammals such as wildebeests, zebras, lions, and hyenas

Answer 24

savanna

Question 25

-occurs in midlatitude coastals regions on several continents -dominated by shrubs, small trees, grasses, and herbs amphibians, birds and other reptiles, insects, small mammals, and browsing mammals

Answer 25

chaparral

Question 26

-are found on many continents -winters are cold and dry; summers are hot and wet -native mammals include large grazers such as bison and wild horses and small burrowers such as prairie dogs

Answer 26

temperate grasslands

Question 27

-spans northern north america and eurasia and is the largest terrestrial biome on earth -conifers such as pine, spruce, fir, and hemlock dominate -migratory and resident birds and large mammals such as moose, brown bears, and siberian tigers

Answer 27

northern coniferous forest or taiga

Question 28

-is found at mid-latitudes in the northern hemisphere, w smaller areas in chile, south africa, australia, and new zealend -mammals, birds, and insects make use of all vertical layers in the forest

Answer 28

temperate broadleaf forest

Question 29

-covers expansive areas of the arctic; alpine tundra exists on high mountaintops at all latitudes -precipitation are cold in arctic tundra and higher in alpine tundra

Answer 29

tundra

Question 30

-permanently frozen layer of soil, prevents water infiltration -vegetation is herbaceous and supports birds, grazers, and their predators -mammals include musk oxen, caribou, reindeer, bears, wolves, and foxes

Answer 30

permafrost