vertebrates

Question 1

The animals called _______ get their name from vertebrae, the series of bones that make up the backbone

chordates w a backbone

Answer 1

vertebrates

Question 2

-are bilaterian animals that belong to the clade of animals known as Deuterostomia
-include all vertebrates and 2 groups of invertebrates: urochordates and cephalochordates

Answer 2

chordates

Question 3

four key characters of chordates

Answer 3

-notochord
-dorsal, hollow nerve cord
-pharyngeal slit or clefts
-muscular, post anal tail

Question 4

-is a longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord
-provide skeletal support thru out most length of chordate

Answer 4

notochord

Question 5

-nerve cord of a chordate embryo develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the cotochord

Answer 5

dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Question 6

functions of pharyngeal slits

Answer 6

-suspension-feeding structure in many invertebrate chordate
-gas exchange in vertebrates (except vertebrates w limbs, the tetrapods)
develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in tetrapods

Question 7

grooves in the pharynx that develop into slits that open to the outside of the body

Answer 7

pharyngeal clefts

Question 8

-tail posterior to the anus
-contains skeletal elements and muscles
-provides propelling force in many aquatic species

Answer 8

muscular, post anal tail

Question 9

-named for their bladelike shape
-marine suspension feeders that retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults

Answer 9

lancelets (cephalochordata)

Question 10

-more closely related to other chordates than are lancelets
-most resemble chordates during larval stage- last only a minute
-draws in water thru an incurrent siphon, filtering food particles
-when attacked, they choot water thru excurrent siphon

Answer 10

tunicates (urochordata)

Question 11

sequencing of the tunicates genome indicates that

Answer 11

-genes associated with the heart and thyroid are common to all chordate
-genes associated w transmission of nerve impulses are unique to vertebrates

Question 12

a skeletal system and complex nervous system have allowed vertebrates efficiency at two essential tasks

Answer 12

-capturing food
-evading predators

Question 13

-fossil evidence show that earliest vertebrates lacked jaws
-2 lineages of jawless vertebrates remain today: _______ and ________
-members of these group lack backbone
-presence of rudimentary vertebrae and result of phylogenetic analysis indicate the both are vertebrates

Answer 13

hagfishes, lampreys

Question 13

vertebrates have the ff derived characteristics

Answer 13

-vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
-elaborate skull
-fin rays, in aquatic form

Question 14

hagfishes and lampreys form a clade of living jawless vertebrates

Answer 14

cyclostomes

Question 15

vertebrates with jaws make up much larger clade

Answer 15

gnathostomes

Question 16

-are jawless vertebrates that have a cartilaginous skull, reduce vertebrate, and a flexible rod of cartilage derived from the notochord
-have small brain, eyes, ears, and tooth-like formations
-BOTTOM DWELLING SCAVENGERS

Answer 16

hagfishes

Question 17

-parasites that feed by clamping their mouth onto a live fish
-inhabit various marine and freshwater habitats
-have cartilaginous segments surrounding the notochord and arching partly over the nerve cord

Answer 17

lampreys

Question 18

-fossils from Cambrian explosion document the transition to craniates
-most primitive of the fossils are those of the 3-cm-long
-had a well formed brain, eyes, and muscular segments, but no skull or ear organs

Answer 18

haikouella

Question 19

-vertebrates that have jaws
-include sharks, ray finned fishes, lobe finned fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

Answer 19

gnathostomes

Question 19

-were among the earliest vertebrates in the fossil record, dating from 500 to 200 million years ago
-had mineralized skeletal elements in their mouth and pharynx
-fossilized dental elements are common in the fossil record

Answer 19

conodonts

Question 20

derived characters of gnathostomes

Answer 20

-“jaw mouth”
-named after for their jaws, higned structures that, especially w the help of teeth, used to grip food items firmly and slice them
-jaws are hypothesized to have evolved by modification of skeletal rods that supported the pharyngeal (gill) slits
-enlarged forebrain associated w enhanced smell and vision

Question 20

earliest gnathostomes in the fossil record are an extinct lineage of armored vertebrates

Answer 20

placoderms

Question 21

-have streamlined body and are swift swimmers suspension feeders, but most are carnivores
-have short digestive tract w a ridge called spiral valve to increase digestive surface area
-have acute sense including sight, smell, and the ability to detect electrical fields from nearby animals

Answer 21

sharks

Question 21

-another group of jawed vertebrates, radiated during Silurian and Devonian periods

Answer 21

acanthodians

Question 22

-have skeleton composed primarily of cartilage -largest and most diverse groups of this includes sharks, rays, and skates

Answer 22

chondrichthyans

Question 23

eggs that hatch outside the mother's body

Answer 23

oviparous

Question 24

embryo develops w/in the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk

Answer 24

ovoviviparous

Question 25

reproductive tract, excretory system, and digestive tract empty into a common

Answer 25

cloaca

Question 26

embryo develops w/in the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother's blood

Answer 26

viviparous

Question 27

-vast majority of vertebrates belong to a clade of gnathostomes called -have a bony endoskeleton -include the bony fishes and tetrapods -fishes are the aquatic ones

Answer 27

osteichythyans

Question 27

-include nearly all the familiar aquatic ostheichthyans -fins supported mainly by long, flexible rays, are modified for maneuvering, defense, and other functions -industrial scale fishing operations have driven the population to collpase. Ex. cod, blue fin tuna -populations also affected by dams that change water flow patterns, affecting prey capture: salmon

Answer 27

ray finned fishes

Question 28

-control their buoyancy w an air sac known as a swim bladder -have a lateral line system most species are oviparous, but some have internal fertilization and birthing

Answer 28

fishes

Question 28

most fiches breathe during water over gills protected by an

Answer 28

opercullum

Question 29

-have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins that they use to swim and "walk" underwater across the substrate -three lineages survive and include coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods

Answer 29

lobe fins

Question 30

derived characters of tetrapods

Answer 30

-4 limbs and feet with digits -a neck, which allows separate movement of the head -fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone -the absence of gills

Question 31

Tiktaalik, nicknamed a "fishapod" shows both fish and tetrapod characteristics. it had...

Answer 31

-fins, gills, lungs, and scales -ribs to breathe air and support its body -neck and shoulders -fins w the bone pattern of a tetrapod limb