Ch 6-7 Flashcards by Michelle Niewinski

What period is stage is cell growth before MITOSIS

Interphase!

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1st phase in Cell Division

Prophase

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Interphase has 3 processes which are:

G1, S, G2

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What process is reduction cell division?

Meiosis

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What phases are G1, S, G2??

G1- pre DNA
S- dna synthesize phase
G2- post DNA

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The division phase of life is:

Mitosis

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The mitotic spindle forms
Carries 46 chromosomes
Are in what phase??
Can see in a microscope

Metaphase

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Special cell division where female and male Cells unite ??

Meiosis

23 Chromosomes

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Phase where chromatids change

New membrane is formed; (1 for each new daughter cell)

Telophase

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What is it called When 2 chromatids are joined together?

Centromere

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Monozygotic -

Dizygotic-

Identical twins (2 sperm, 1 egg)

Fraternal twins (2 eggs)

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The backbone of a sugar molecule

mRNA

Replaces Thymine with URacil!

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What is the job of rRNA?

To help link mRNA to ribosomes

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What is the job of tRNA?

To transfer genetic code to ribosomes

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Inorganic material does not contain??

Carbon

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What are inorganic compounds ?

Water

Salts (electrolytes)

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Pressure outside the cell

Osmotic pressure

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Transfer of water through membranes

Osmosis

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Somatic cell division =

Germatic=

Mitosis

Meiosis (reproductive cells)

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Adenine and Guanine are_____

Cytosine and Thymine are_______

Purines

Pyramidines

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Powerhouse of the cell

Garbage bags of cell
Pealike sacs

Mitochondria

Lysosomes

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Essential for sustaining life

Acts as a battery or stored energy

ATP

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When a cell divides, genetic material contracts into tiny rod shaped bodies called

Chromosomes

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Protein synthesis occurs in which location?

Ribosomes

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Process of locating and identifying genes

Mapping

Aids in maintaining acid-base balance and important in intracellular fluid

Potassium

Amino acids consist of what combo of molecules

NH2 and COOH (carboxylic acids)

The blueprints of genetic material Nucleolus contains:

DNA | RNA (copy center)

The freight hauling (transport enzymes) to FORM glycoproteins

Golgi apparatus

Manufacturing facility | Spindle Weaver

Ribosomes | Centrosomes

Parent cell divides into 2 daughter cells | A special cell rescues # of chromosomes

Mitosis | Meiosis

When proteins r produced it is called

Protein synthesis

Fatty acids and oils | Provide fuel for cell metabolism

Lipids | Carbs

Foreign objects of body such as(flu or cold) | Chemical secretions in bloodstream

Antigens | Hormones

The rails of double helix are made of: | 4 nitrogenous bases are:

2Sugar phosphates | Adenine, cytosine, guanine, Thymine

What element makes life possible??

Carbon!! | Proteins contain most carbon

How many strings of amino acids are made for essential growth (tissue repair)

22!

Chemical building material

Protoplasm | Called cytoplasms outside of cell

Radiation damage is observed on which 3 levels:

Molecular, organic, cellular

Chromosome aberrations happen when radiation occurs in

Early interphase

Programmed cell death: The unit of LeT: Lubricates joints:

Aptosis KeV per micron Lipids

The average energy deposited per unit of track(path)

LET

Loss or change in DNA A hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals

Mutation H and OH

Radiosensitivity to cell is directly proportional to reproductive and inversely proportional to degree of differentiation

Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau

A process that involves the production of Free radicals that are created with water molecules

Indirect action!

Biologic damage straight from incident radiation

Direct Action

Electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, gamma, electrons are which type of LET

Low LET | Indirect damage

Cell damage indirectly from production of molecules

Free radicals

Particles that possess substantial mass and charge(Dense Ionization) (alpha particles

High LET | Direct Damage

This is possible when a nuclide is implanted, infected. Ingested, inhaled

High LET

In this type of LeT, X-rays sparcly hit cells

Low LeT

250 kvp to produce biologic reaction (to convert from animal configuration to humans)

RBE | Relative biologic effectiveness

Radiation under anoxic or hypoxic conditions | Conversion to cause biologic damage with or with out oxygen

OER | Oxygen enhancement ratio

OER has ____ effect with High LeT But is has _______ effect with Low LeT by sending free radicals to increase damage.

NO | Greater

Potentially harmful ionizing of ionizing radiation primary occurs at

Cellular Level!!

Low let damage generally causes _______ damage to DNA

Sublethal

High LET radiation includes particles with large amounts of ??

Mass and Charge!!

The presence of oxygen in biologic tissues makes damage by free radicals more _____

Permanent (and non repairable by repairing enzymes)

This type of white blood cell plays an important role in fighting infection

Neutrophils

Thrombocytes or ________ initiate blood clotting and prevent hemorrhage

Platelets

Granulocytes initally respond to radiation by —

Increasing !!

Developing cells and embryo cells are very ________

Radiosensitive

Mature spermatogenia are specialized and do not divide so they are_________

Insensitive to ionizing radiation

Temporary sterility occurs-from a dose of______ | Permanent sterility occurs from a dose of_______

2 gyt | 5-6 gyt

A whole body radiation dose of 0.25 gyt within a few days will cause a measurable

Hematologic depression

What determines extent of different radiation modalities transfer of energy in biologic tissues

Charge mass and energy

When 2 direct hits to same rung of DNA

Complete chromosome breakage

These type of tissues are insensitive to radiation

Brain Nerve Muscle

Classic method in displaying sensitivity of particular cell to radiation

Cell survival curve

High LeTs greatest concern is

Internal interaction. | The energy in high loses its energy with every interaction along the way

A single strand break; are common with low LET; and are mostly repairable

Point lesion

Chemical unions created between atoms by a single sharing of one or more pairs of electrons

Covalent crossed links | Mostly occur in indirect action

Cell dies after 1 or more divisions Failure for cell to start dividing on time

Mitotic death | Mitotic delay

Most blood cells are manufacture in | Lethal dose LD for humans is

Bone marrow | Estimated 3.0-4.0 gyt

Transmits a message | Carries impulses away

Synapse | Axon

When a cell DNA is directly or indirectly inactivated by exposure; the cell will die.

Target theory

Ch 6-7 Flashcards

(76 cards)