Criminal Justice 1,2,4,5 > Ch. 6,7,8,9 > Flashcards

Ch. 6,7,8,9 Flashcards

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1
Q

The only personal experience most people have with the criminal justice process is contact with a

A

local police officer

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2
Q

Because the police have multiple responsibilities that may be incompatible, they may suffer from

A

role conflict

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3
Q

Officer Marcus has been instructed by his supervisor to focus on keeping the peace in the community and to make arrests only after informal methods of resolving problems fails. Officer Marcus most likely works in a department that operates under which of James Q. Wilson’s organizational styles of policing?

A

Watchman style

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4
Q

Which of the following is the most time-consuming and resource-intensive task of any police agency?

A

patrol

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5
Q

Random or ___ patrol involves officers who are “systematically unsystematic” and observant in an attempt to both deter and ferret out crime on their beats.

A

preventive

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6
Q

In ____ patrol, officers are given guidance on how to use their patrol time, which is often based on the results of crime analyses that identify problem areas.

A

directed

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7
Q

Who is usually responsible for conducting the preliminary investigation in a felony case?

A

patrol officers

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8
Q

The foot patrol experiment in Newark found that

A

foot patrol was linked to reduced fear of crime

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9
Q

With DNA profiling, a unique genetic profile can be derived from ____ found at the scene of a crime or on a victim.

a. hair
b. semen
c. blood
d. all of the above

A

d

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10
Q

A large percentage of deaths and injuries on the highway are due to _____.

A

alcohol

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11
Q

Police officers who engage in ____ targeting drugs tend to focus on shutting down organizations responsible for distributing large amounts of illegal drugs.

A

Major investigations

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12
Q

Which of the following is one of the foundations upon which the professional model of policing is based?

a. aggressive patrol
b. community involvement
c. follow-up investigation
d. no response time

A

c

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13
Q

Researchers discovers that in _____ of crimes, citizens wait 5-10 minutes to call the police, which generally precludes catching the criminal at the scene.

A

90-95%

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14
Q

Identify a true statement about community policing.

A

Critical decisions are required to be made at the neighborhood level

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15
Q

Which element of the SARA problem-solving process involves identifying problems?

A

scanning

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16
Q

What are the three variable that interact to form a crime triangle?

A

a victim, an offender, and a location

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17
Q

The most complete DNA database in the United States is _______.

A

CODIS

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18
Q

How does the FBI define terrorism?

A

the systematic use of terror or unpredictable violence against governments, public’s, or individuals to attain a political objective

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19
Q

What is true of patent fingerprints?

A

They are visible to the naked eye

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20
Q

Which of the following cyber crimes involves hacking into and controlling industry databases, with the offender promising to release control if funds are received?

a. internet extortion
b. identity theft
c. spoofing
d. ponzi schemes

A

a

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21
Q

Which of the following is one of the three I’s of police selection?

a. interaction skills
b. interest in policing
c. imagination
d. idealism

A

a

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22
Q

Which recruitment program involves a focus on high school students?

A

tech prep programs

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23
Q

The final step in the police selection process, before academy training begins, is usually the _______.

A

oral interview

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24
Q

What is an advantage of hiring college-educated police officers?

A

College-educated officers are less likely to have citizen complaints

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25
What is true regarding the selection of sheriffs?
Most sheriffs are elected rather than appointed
26
The ability of police officers to exercise individual judgement, rather than formal rules, when making decisions, is known as ____.
Discretion
27
Police officers cannot make an arrest for every violation of law, which means that they ____.
are unable to provide full enforcement
28
The practice of relying on the judgment of the police leadership and rank-and-file officers to decided which laws to enforce is referred to as
selective enforcement
29
For a long time, police treated domestic violence calls as a _________.
peacekeeping activity
30
What factor has made the police the major responder to domestic violence calls?
the availability of 24-hr service
31
According to the Minneapolis domestic violence study, what is the most effective way for police to respond to domestic violence?
arresting the perpetrator of the assault
32
According to a federal survey, which of the following factors will increase the likelihood that drivers will perceive a traffic stop as legitimate?
if the police officer gives a reason for the stop
33
__________ is defined as the harmful physical and emotional outcomes that occur when the requirements of a job do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of an employee.
job stress
34
According to the Knapp Commission report on police corruption, which form of misconduct is performed by grass eaters?
accepting gifts for ignoring violations of the law
35
The Washington Post study into police use of deadly force in the U.S. in 2015 found that:
Most of the people killed by police were armed, usually with guns
36
What is a measure of coercion beyond what is necessary to control participants in a conflict?
excessive force
37
Which of the following U.S. Supreme Court decisions severely restricted the police use of deadly force? a. Furman v. Georgia b. Tennessee v. Garner c. Escobedo v. Illinois d. Woodson v. North Carolina
b
38
______ are officers who actively seek ways to make money illegally while on duty.
meat eaters
39
A court of _____ jurisdiction has the authority to hear a case when it is first brought to court.
original
40
_______ jurisdiction refers to the court's power to hear a particular type of case
subject matter
41
____ are the federal courts of original jurisdiction.
district courts
42
The authority for the federal court system was provided by _____.
Article 3, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution
43
How does the federal government select district court judges?
They are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate
44
U.S. Circuit Courts are the ____ for the federal court system.
Appellate Courts
45
After the U.S. Supreme Court agrees to hear a case, a writ of ____ is issued to the lower court whose decision is being appealed.
certiorari
46
Trial courts of ______ jurisdiction are referred to generally as inferior "trial courts" or simply as "lower courts."
limited
47
When does a trial de Novo occur?
when a case is reheard by a trial court of general jurisdiction
48
Which of the following refers to the attempt to use treatment to return convicted offenders to society as law-abiding citizens? a. general deterrence b. punishment c. rehabilitation d. incapacitation
c
49
The most powerful actor in the administration of justice is ___.
the prosecutor
50
About what percentage of all convictions in felony cases are the result of guilty pleas?
95%
51
The _____ is a community's chief law enforcement official and is responsible primarily for the protection of society.
prosecutor
52
In the context of the key actors in the U.S. court process, identify a true statement about prosecutors.
They are not required to prosecute a person for all the charges that evidence will support.
53
What mandates that a prosecutor provide defense counsel with any exculpatory evidence in the prosecutor's possession?
the rules of discovery
54
The role of defense lawyers is to
provide the best possible legal counsel and advocacy within the legal and ethical limits of the profession
55
The right to the effective assistance of counsel is provided by the ___ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
6th
56
____ are paid a fixed salary by the government to provide indigent defense.
Public defenders
57
What is the Missouri Plan?
A merit-based method of selecting judges
58
The Supreme Court has ruled that anyone arrested without a warrant may be held no longer than ______ before a judge decides whether the arrest was justified.
48 hrs
59
The most important factor for a judge to consider when determining the amount of bail is
The likelihood that the defendant will appear in court as required
60
What is simply a release secured by a suspect's written promise to appear in court?
Release on own recognizance (ROR)
61
When defendants plead nolo contendere, they
do not admit guilt but are willing to accept punishment
62
One of the main purposes of the arraignment is to
allow defendants to enter a plea
63
The primary purpose of the preliminary hearing is to
determine if there is probable cause to support the charges imposed by the prosecutor
64
What is a voir dire?
the process of screening out potential jurors who might be biased
65
What standard of proof is necessary to find a defendant guilty as charged?
beyond a reasonable doubt
66
What is the result if, after serious deliberation, even one juror cannot agree with the others on a verdict?
a hung jury
67
What occurs prior to the formal start of a criminal trial?
discovery
68
________ is defined as the attempt to correct the personality and behavior of convicted offenders through educational, vocational, or therapeutic treatment and to return them to society as law-abiding citizens.
rehabilitation
69
In the context of the philosophical rationales for the imposition of punishments, identify a true statement about deterrence.
Special deterrence is the prevention of individuals from committing crime again by punishing them.
70
When imposing sentences, judges are limited by the U.S. Constitution's ______ prohibition of cruel and unusual punishments.
8th amendment
71
State and federal legislative bodies enact _________ that specify appropriate punishments for each statutory offense of class of offense.
penal codes
72
What is true about determinate sentencing?
Judges in states that have indeterminate sentencing statutes generally have more discretion in sentencing than judges in state with determinate sentencing laws.
73
In _______, judges may choose between imposing a sentence of probation or imprisonment, but do not have very much discretion in setting the length of a prison sentence.
flat-time sentencing
74
A(n) ________ sentence has a fixed minimum and maximum term of incarceration rather than a set period.
indeterminate
75
Truth-in-sentencing laws require offenders to serve a substantial portion of their prison sentence, usually ________ of it.
85%
76
Historically, ________ was the dominant justification for punishment.
retribution
77
Which of the following focuses on the attempt to return victims, as much as possible, to their previous state and to make them "whole" again? a.retribution b.restoration c.rehabilitation d.deterrence
b
78
According to your textbook, one problem with restitution is that most offenders:
lack the financial means and the abilities to provide adequate restitution
79
Generally, a presentence investigation report (PSI) is prepared by a ________.
probation officer
80
In which death penalty case did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that, absent constitutional grounds, new evidence of innocence is no reason for a federal court to order a new state trial?
Herrera v. Collins
81
Nearly ________ of state trial court decisions are affirmed on appeal.
80%
82
Reductions in sentences for death row inmates, which are granted by a state's governor, are called ________.
commutations
83
Which of the following reforms to death penalty statutes that was approved by the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Gregg v. Georgia? a. The use of bifurcated trials b.The use of mandatory statutes that automatically impose death sentences for predefined capital crimes c.Optional appellate review of all death sentences d.The elimination of judicial discretion in capital cases
a
84
Which of the following is an example of a restorative practice? Deterrence Incapacitation Retribution Community service
community service
85
With respect to criminal punishment, what is the purpose of incapacitation?
it makes it impossible for offenders to commit crimes during the period of incapacitation
86
During a sentencing hearing, the convicted defendant may address the court prior to sentencing. This procedure is known as _______.
allocution
87
What is the purpose of the presentence investigation report?
to help the judge determine the appropriate sentence
88
When defendants appeal their convictions, which of the following statements is true? a. Defendants may present new evidence or testimony on appeal that they had originally chosen not to introduce at trial b.Defendants may appeal their convictions on either legal or constitutional grounds c. The presumption of innocence applies during the appellate process d. The burden of proof is on the prosecution
b

Criminal Justice 1,2,4,5 (3 decks)

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