Ch. 6, 7, 8, 9, 5, & 10 Flashcards
(109 cards)
Basic unit of social organization among foragers. A _____ includes fewer than 100 people, it often splits up seasonally.
Band
An association between two or more variables such that when one changes, the others also change, for example : temperature and sweating.
Correlation
Non industrial system of plant cultivation in which plots lie fallow for varying lengths of time
Horticulture
Non industrial system of plant cultivation characterized by continuous and intensive use of land and labor.
Agriculture
People who use a food-producing strategy of adaptation based on caring for herds of domesticated animals.
Pastoralists
Movement throughout the year by the whole pastoral group (men, women, and children) with their animals. More generally, such constant movement in pursuit of strategic resources.
Nomadism, pastoral
One of two variants of pastoralism in which part of the population moves seasonally with the herds while the other part remains in home villages.
Transhumance
A populations system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources.
Economy
Way of organizing production, a set of Social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, and knowledge
Mode of production
Land, labor, technology and capital—major productive resources
Means of production
Small-scale agriculturist living in a state, with rent fund obligations
Peasant
Profit oriented principle of exchange that dominates in states, particularly industrial states. Goods services are bought and sold, and values are determined by supply and demand
Market principle
Major exchange mode of chiefdoms, many archaic states, and some states with manage economies
Redistribution
One of the three principles of exchange. Governs exchange between social equals, major exchange modes in band and tribal societies
Reciprocity
Regarding exchange, a range running from generalized reciprocity, close related-deferred return, through balanced reciprocity, To negative reciprocity, strangers-immediate return.
Reciprocity continue
Competitive feast among Indians on the North Pacific coast of north America
Potlatch
Form of social political organization usually based on horticulture or pastoralism. Socioeconomic stratification and centralized rule are absent in tribes, and there is no means of enforcing political decisions
Tribe
Form of sociopolitical organization intermediate between the tribe and the state, Kin-based with differential access to resources and a permanent political structure
Chiefdom
Complex sociopolitical system that administrators a territory and populace with substantial contrast in occupation, wealth, prestige and power. An independent, centrally organized political unit, a government
State, nation-state
Classification scheme based on the scale and complexity of social organization and the effectiveness of political regulation, includes band, tribe, chiefdom, and state
Sociopolitical typology
Leadership position in a village, as among the Yanomami, where the head is always a man, has limited authority, Leads by example and persuasion
Village head
Figure often found among tribal horticulturist and Pastorlists. The big man occupies no office but creates his reputation through entrepreneurship and generosity to others. Neither his wealth nor his position passes to his hairs
Big man
Any position that determines where someone fits in society, may be ascribed or achieved
Status
Social status that people have little or no choice about occupying, example-race or gender
Ascribed status
