Ch. 6, 7, 8, 9, 5, & 10 Flashcards
Basic unit of social organization among foragers. A _____ includes fewer than 100 people, it often splits up seasonally.
Band
An association between two or more variables such that when one changes, the others also change, for example : temperature and sweating.
Correlation
Non industrial system of plant cultivation in which plots lie fallow for varying lengths of time
Horticulture
Non industrial system of plant cultivation characterized by continuous and intensive use of land and labor.
Agriculture
People who use a food-producing strategy of adaptation based on caring for herds of domesticated animals.
Pastoralists
Movement throughout the year by the whole pastoral group (men, women, and children) with their animals. More generally, such constant movement in pursuit of strategic resources.
Nomadism, pastoral
One of two variants of pastoralism in which part of the population moves seasonally with the herds while the other part remains in home villages.
Transhumance
A populations system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources.
Economy
Way of organizing production, a set of Social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, and knowledge
Mode of production
Land, labor, technology and capital—major productive resources
Means of production
Small-scale agriculturist living in a state, with rent fund obligations
Peasant
Profit oriented principle of exchange that dominates in states, particularly industrial states. Goods services are bought and sold, and values are determined by supply and demand
Market principle
Major exchange mode of chiefdoms, many archaic states, and some states with manage economies
Redistribution
One of the three principles of exchange. Governs exchange between social equals, major exchange modes in band and tribal societies
Reciprocity
Regarding exchange, a range running from generalized reciprocity, close related-deferred return, through balanced reciprocity, To negative reciprocity, strangers-immediate return.
Reciprocity continue
Competitive feast among Indians on the North Pacific coast of north America
Potlatch
Form of social political organization usually based on horticulture or pastoralism. Socioeconomic stratification and centralized rule are absent in tribes, and there is no means of enforcing political decisions
Tribe
Form of sociopolitical organization intermediate between the tribe and the state, Kin-based with differential access to resources and a permanent political structure
Chiefdom
Complex sociopolitical system that administrators a territory and populace with substantial contrast in occupation, wealth, prestige and power. An independent, centrally organized political unit, a government
State, nation-state
Classification scheme based on the scale and complexity of social organization and the effectiveness of political regulation, includes band, tribe, chiefdom, and state
Sociopolitical typology
Leadership position in a village, as among the Yanomami, where the head is always a man, has limited authority, Leads by example and persuasion
Village head
Figure often found among tribal horticulturist and Pastorlists. The big man occupies no office but creates his reputation through entrepreneurship and generosity to others. Neither his wealth nor his position passes to his hairs
Big man
Any position that determines where someone fits in society, may be ascribed or achieved
Status
Social status that people have little or no choice about occupying, example-race or gender
Ascribed status
Social status that comes through talents, actions, efforts activities, and accomplishments, example big man or convicted felon
Achieved status
A non-kin-based group that exist throughout a tribe, spanning several villages
Pan tribal sodality
Group uniting all men or women, usually men, born during a certain time span, this group controls property and often has political and military functions
Age set
Permanent political position
Office
Unequal access to resources, basic action of chiefdoms and states. Superordinate have favored access to such resources, while the access of such ordinance is limited by superordinate’s
Differential access
Characteristic of a system with socioeconomic strata
Stratification
All a person’s material assets, including income, land, and other types of property, the basis of economic status
Wealth
The ability to exercise ones will over others-to do what one wants, the basis of political status
Power
Esteem, respect, or approval for acts, deeds, or qualities considered exemplary
Prestige
The higher, or privilege, group in a stratified system
Superordinate
The lower, or underprivileged, group in a stratified system
Subordinate
Upward or downward change in a person’s social status
Vertical mobility
Stratification system that facilitates social mobility, with individual achievement and personal merit determining social rank
Open-class system
Closed, heredity system of stratification, often dictated by religion, hierarchical Social statuses is ascribed at birth, so that people are locked into their parents social position
Caste system
The most extreme, coercive, Abusive and inhumane form of legalized inequality, people are treated as property
Slavery
A group of people, example = parents, children, siblings, grandparents, grandchildren, uncles, aunts, nephews, nieces, cousins, spouses, siblings-in-law, parents-in-law, children-in-law, Who are considered to be related in some way, such as by blood, common ancestry or descent or marriage
Family
Nuclear family in which one is born and grows up
Family of orientation
Nuclear family established when one marries and has children
Family of procreation
Post marital residence pattern in which a couple establishes a new place of residence rather than living with or either set of parents
Neolocality
