Ch. 6 Breast Imaging Mammography

Question 1

means on the other side of the body

Answer 1

contralateral

Question 2

is the device that receives the energy of the x-ray beam

Answer 2

detector

Question 3

the range of underexposure or overexposure that can occur while still producing an acceptable image

Answer 3

exposure latitude

Question 4

how much do digital receptors correct for underexposure and overexposure

Answer 4

50% under 100% over

Question 5

the most inferior aspect of the breast where the breast attaches to the anterior chest wall

Answer 5

inframammary fold or crease

Question 6

means on the same side

Answer 6

ipsilateral

Question 7

the imaginary line running perpendicular from the pectoral muscle to the nipple in both the craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique(MLO) projections

Answer 7

posterior nipple line (PNL)

Question 8

refers to the subject or part being radiographed and the result of differential absorption of the radiation by the part.

Answer 8

subject contrast

Question 9

anatomy with high subject contrast

Answer 9

bone and soft tissue

Question 10

anatomy with low subject contrast

Answer 10

breast

Question 11

the method used to localize a lesion in the breast

Answer 11

triangulation

Question 12

a measure of the percentage of energy that strikes a receptor material that is actually absorbed by the receptor

Answer 12

absorption effeciency

Question 13

converts analog signal from the image receptor/detector to a digital signal for the computer to manipulate for processing, display, and storage

Answer 13

analog-to-digital converter (ADC)

Question 14

scans the image receptor with a laser beam to initiate the emission of light.

Answer 14

computer reader or CR

Question 15

the percentage of energy absorbed by a receptor that is converted to usable output

Answer 15

conversion effeciency

Question 16

the term used to describe a spherical, fluid-filled structure

Answer 16

cyst

Question 17

a rare genetic disorder characterized by the development of skin lesions, multiple benign hamartomas, and neoplastic growth throughout the body

Answer 17

Cowden’s syndrome

Question 18

the product of absorption and conversion efficiency

Answer 18

detective quantum efficiency (DQE)

Question 19

the percentage of energy that strikes a receptor and results in a useful output signal

Answer 19

detective quantum efficiency (DQE)

Question 20

measures how efficiently a digital detector can convert the remnant beam to useful data

Answer 20

detective quantum efficiency (DQE)

Question 21

higher detective quantum efficiency (DQE) means _________ patient dose

Answer 21

lower

Question 22

are vacuum tubes with two electrodes: a cathode and an anode

Answer 22

diodes

Question 23

in digital imaging is determined by the “window” and “level” of the displayed region of the breast

Answer 23

display contrast

Question 24

the range of intensities that are displayed

Answer 24

window

Question 25

the range of values over which a system can respond and is known as the gray-scale range.

Answer 25

dynamic range

Question 26

refers to the number of shades of gray that can be represented in each pixel and represents the receptors ability to respond to different exposure levels

Answer 26

dynamic range

Question 27

the range of underexposure or overexposure that can occur in producing an acceptable image.

Answer 27

exposure latitude

Question 28

what is the percentage of under and over exposure that is acceptable for an analog image

Answer 28

30% underexposure and 50% over exposure

Question 29

describes how much of the patient is imaged in the matrix

Answer 29

Field of view (FOV)

Question 30

is equal to the pixel size x the matrix size

Answer 30

Field of view

Question 31

is a rare hereditary condition in which individuals are predisposed to multiple cancers, caused by an alteration in the p53 tumor supressor gene

Answer 31

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

Question 32

refers to the layout of cells in rows and columns

Answer 32

matrix

Question 33

the ability of the detector system to transfer its spatial resolution characteristics to the image of the available spatial frequencies to produce an image that is exactly like the object.

Answer 33

Modulation transfer function (MTF)

Question 34

the random background information that is detected but does not contribute to the image quality

Answer 34

noise

Question 35

refers to the apparent displacement of an observed object when it is imaged from two or more different points

Answer 35

parallax

Question 36

a material that, when irradiated, produces free electrons.

Answer 36

photoconductor

Question 37

the release of stored energy within a phosphor or photostimulable plate by stimulation with visible light

Answer 37

photostimulated luminescence (PSL)

Question 38

the process by which certain materials emit a flash of light in response to the absorbtion of ionization radiation.

Answer 38

scintillation

Question 39

inorganic crystals that respond to ionization radiation by scintillation

Answer 39

scintillation phosphors

Question 40

measures the ability to respond to or register small changes or differences

Answer 40

sensitivity

Question 41

a comparison of the strength of the information in the digital image to the strength of the noise in the image

Answer 41

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)

Question 42

In DR, images will have more signal strength at ___ spatial frequencies

Answer 42

low

Question 43

increased noise results in ______ contrast

Answer 43

decreased

Question 44

measured in line pairs per centimeter or line pairs per millimeter

Answer 44

spatial frequency

Question 45

what size objects are able to be imaged using high spatial frequency?

Answer 45

small objects

Question 46

______ spatial frequencies also give better spatial resolution

Answer 46

higher

Question 47

the ability to distinguish and separate between two adjacent structures in the image.

Answer 47

spatial resolution

Question 48

the quality of being precise rather than general. an imaging system that is highly specific can effectively differentiate between normal and abnormal changes within the breast

Answer 48

specificity

Question 49

lying face up or on the back

Answer 49

supine

Question 50

the process whereby the technologist postprocesses the image, allowing only a "window" of the entire dynamic range to be viewed on the computer monitor.

Answer 50

windowing

Question 51

controls the brightness display

Answer 51

window level

Question 52

controls the brightness difference displayed, or contrast

Answer 52

window width