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Bio 189 > Ch 6 Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Ch 6 Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Explain Exergonic (Exit)

A

Catabolic
-Releases free energy
-Spontaneous
-Like riding a bike downhill; no additional energy needed
-Happens naturally
-Favorable
OXIDATION: Loss of electrons/Energy is released

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2
Q

Explain Endergonic (Enter)

A

Anabolic
-Uses free energy/ Needs it to start
- Free energy comes from ATP that has been hydrolyzed
REDUCTION: Gain of electrons
-Unfavorable
-Like riding a bike Uphill; Additional energy needed

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3
Q

What is the loss of electrons?

A

Oxidation (OIL)

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4
Q

What is the gain of electrons?

A

Reduction (RIG)

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5
Q

Why is the gain of electrons called a reduction?

A

Electrons are negative; The more it gains the more it reduces

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6
Q

When is energy released?

A

Upon Oxidation

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7
Q

What kind of storage is ATP

A

Short-term free energy storage molecule

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8
Q

Glycogen and Tryglicerides are what kind of storage?

A

Long-term free energy storage molecules

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9
Q

Is sodium Oxidized?

A

Yes; Na +Cl = NaCI (Chlorine reduced to neutral -1)

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10
Q

What are coenzymes are they temporarily bound or permanently bound?

A
  • Helpers/Enablers/Assistant enzymatic reactions
  • They are not permanently bound/Organic
  • Many come from vitamins
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11
Q

What are the 4 coenzymes?

A

NAD+ - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
NADP - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
FAD - Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
FMN - Flavin Mononucleotide

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12
Q

What is the Oxidized form of NADH?

A

NAD+

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13
Q

Where does Glycolysis take place?

A

The cytoplasm of just about every cell

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14
Q

How many steps are there in Glycolysis?

A

10

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15
Q

What does OIL RIG stand for?

A

Oxidation is lost

Reduction is Gained

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16
Q

How many ATP’s are needed to start Glycolysis? How many does it result in?

A

2;2

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17
Q

What is the free energy of glucose turned into?

A

2 ATP and 2 NADH some heat is lost

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18
Q

What is aerobic respiration dependent on?

A

Oxygen

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19
Q

Aerobic respiration consists of what 4 things?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation
  3. Krebs or Citric Acid Cycle
  4. Electron Transport chain
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20
Q

What does it mean when carbohydrates, lipids and proteins are oxidized?

A

Stripped of electrons

21
Q

Where does Glycolysis happen?

A

Cytoplasm

22
Q

Where does Pyruvate oxidation happen?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

23
Q

Where does the Krebs/Citric Acid cycle happen?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

24
Q

Where is the electron transport chain located?

A

Mitochondrion

25
Q

Why are there incremental steps when oxidation happens?

A

Incremental steps maximize ATP production; There are so many steps to complete each of the processes and each need energy to complete

26
Q

What does Glycolysis require?

A

NAD+

27
Q

In what 2 forms is free energy stored?

A

ATP and NADH

28
Q

What does each Glucose produce?

A

2 Pyruvate
(2 NAD+ + 2 H+) reduced to NADH
2 ATP

29
Q

Does the krebs cycle release more or less energy than glycolysis?

A

More

30
Q

Glycolysis is oxidized to what? What step is this

A

2 molecules of pyruvate; 1st step of cellular respiration

31
Q

What is pyruvate oxidation? What step is it? where does it take place?

A

2nd step

  • The loss of carbon dioxide 1 half is released other half is turned NADH
  • Second pyruvate turned into Acetyl-Coa (Coenzyme A) used in the start of the krebs cycle
  • Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
32
Q

What is the Krebs cycle and what step is it in cellular respiration?

A

3rd step; has 4 steps

  1. Acetyl-coA combines w/ oxaloacetate to make citrate
  2. Reduction of NAD+ to NADH
  3. Synthesis of ATP/FADH2
  4. Regeneration of oxaloacetate
33
Q

What is glycolysis? What are the 3 things we are left with after glycolysis is finished?

A

1st stage of cellular respiration where glucose is reduced to:
2 Pyruvate
2 ATP
NADH

34
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Creating ATP and breaking down glucose for energy

35
Q

Does glycolysis occur if you run out of oxygen?

A

Yes; Instead fermentation occurs

36
Q

What macromolecule are we starting with in cellular

respiration?

A

Glucose

37
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

A

Carbon Dioxide, Water, ATP, NADH and FADH2

38
Q

Where do NADH and FADH2 come from?

A

Krebs cycle

39
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolic reaction that results in the formation of ATP or GTP by the direct transfer of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to ADP or GDP from another phosphorylated compound. (Glycolysis)

40
Q

what is Oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients and releasing energy which is used to produce (ATP). In most eukaryotes, takes place inside mitochondria (electron transport chain)

41
Q

Does krebs cycle release more energy than glycolysis?

A

Yes

42
Q

How many ATP’s do each glucose produce?

A

32

43
Q

What does a decrease in Free energy mean?

A

Free energy is being released

44
Q

What is the difference between substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • Substrate level p-lation: formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a PO3 group to ADP.
  • Oxidative p-lation uses proton gradient to generate ATP from ADP occurs in cellular respiration, NADH is oxidized to NAD+ yielding 2.5 ATP and FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP
45
Q

What is the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation is directly phosphorylating ADP with a phosphate and energy provided from a coupled reaction. SLP will only occur if there is a reaction that releases sufficient energy to allow the direct phosphorylation of ADP. Oxidative phosphorylation is when ATP is generated from the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 and the subsequent transfer of electrons and pumping of protons.

46
Q

Does Pyruvate oxidation release free energy?

A

yes

47
Q

When 1 Pyruvate binds with Coenzyme A to make Acetyl-CoA what is this process called?

A

Pyruvate Oxidation

48
Q

What is the overall goal of Cellular Respiration?

A

Make ATP energy

49
Q

How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration relate?

A

Photosynthesis makes Glucose

Cellular respiration Breaks Glucose to make ATP energy

Bio 189 (7 decks)

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