Ch 8 Transcription and Translation

Question 1

*Where does Transcription occur?

Answer 1

Nucleus

Question 2

What is the product of Transcription?

Answer 2

mRNA from DNA

Question 3

What does mRNA do after it is created?

Answer 3

Exits nucleus through pores to bind with ribosomes

Question 4

*Where does Translation occur?

Answer 4

Cytoplasm

Question 5

What are genes made up of?

Answer 5

DNA sequences

Question 6

What Pyridines does mRNA have?

Answer 6

Cytosine

Uracil

Question 7

*What is a codon?

Answer 7

Sequence of a specific 3 nucleotides that form a unit of genetic code

Question 8

What is a gene?

Answer 8

Template for mRNA

Question 9

What does RNA polymerase do?

Answer 9

Makes complimentary RNA to DNA

Question 10

How many strand(s) participate in transcription? What (is it) (are they) called?

Answer 10

1 strand

Template strand

Question 11

What do tRNA’s do?

Answer 11

Transfer amino acids

Question 12

What proteins start transcription?

Answer 12

Transcription Factors (TF’s) RNA polymerase can’t start without them

Question 13

What is the name for the strand that undergoes transcription?

Answer 13

Template strand

Question 14

What is the name for the strand that does NOT undergo transcription?

Answer 14

Message strand

Question 15

How do you differentiate the RNA strand from the Message strand of DNA?

Answer 15

Replace all the T’s with U’s

Question 16

How is RNA synthesized?

Answer 16

5’ Prime to 3’ Prime

Question 17

How many phases does Transcription have? What are they?

Answer 17

3 Phases

1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination

Question 18

What happens in initiation of Transcription (1st step)?

Answer 18

RNA polymerase binds to promoter and unwinds DNA

Question 19

What happens in Elongation of Transcription? (2nd step)?

Answer 19

RNA polymerase separates 2 strands and figures out which strand will be the template strand

Question 20

What happens in Termination or Transcription (3rd step)?

Answer 20

RNA transcript is freed from template

Transcription finishes

Question 21

What determines which DNA strand will be the template?

Answer 21

Promoter called the “TATA Box”
They have a rich A - T sequence
-EVERY GENE HAS PROMOTERS

Question 22

*In Eukaryotic cells what happens to mRNA before translation?

Answer 22

Processed first; G cap and Poly A tail added

Question 23

In the processing before translation what happens to mRNA?

Answer 23

G cap is added (5’ Prime cap)
Poly A tail added (3’ Prime end) (100-300 A’s added)
They are added for protection

Question 24

What are introns?

Answer 24

Spacers that don’t code (Later removed by splicers)

Question 25

What are exons?

Answer 25

Nucleotide sequences that remain in a mature mRNA

Question 26

What do spliceosomes do?

Answer 26

Cut out Introns and stick together Exons

Question 27

*What does alternate splicing produce?

Answer 27

Different mRNA's and proteins | i.e proteins in brain, heart, and liver

Question 28

*Why are introns and exons so important?

Answer 28

Allow splicers to form different proteins from a single gene

Question 29

What is the product after processing?

Answer 29

RNA

Question 30

What are the 3 phases of Translation?

Answer 30

1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination

Question 31

How many amino acids are there? How many different synthetases are there?

Answer 31

20 of both

Question 32

What is an "anti codon"?

Answer 32

Codon complementary to the original codon

Question 33

What is a ribosome made up of?

Answer 33

RNA (Ribosomal RNA)

Question 34

*Name the 2 Ribosome subunits

Answer 34

Large subunit | Small subunit

Question 35

*What are the 3 binding sites on a large ribosomal subunit?

Answer 35

Exit Peptidyl tRNA Aminoacyl tRNA

Question 36

*What happens in the Exit site of a large ribosomal subunit?

Answer 36

tRNA without amino acids exits

Question 37

*What happens at the Peptidyl tRNA site of a large ribosomal subunit?

Answer 37

Transfer occurs to build polypeptide chain; Polypeptide bonds are MADE here

Question 38

*What happens at the Aminoacyl tRNA site of a large ribosomal subunit?

Answer 38

tRNA with amino acid enters

Question 39

*What is the Start codon in Eukaryotes?

Answer 39

AUG

Question 40

*What is the first amino acid (initiator tRNA)?

Answer 40

Methionine

Question 41

*What is ALWAYS the initiator tRNA in Eukaryotes? Where does it attach?

Answer 41

Methionine; Attaches to AUG start codon at the "P" Peptidyl Site

Question 42

What happens in Elongation of Translation?

Answer 42

Building of polypeptide chains

Question 43

*What are the 3 STOP codons?

Answer 43

UAA UAG UGA

Question 44

What are Release Factors?

Answer 44

RNA and protein that recognize stop codons (Look like tRNA; Don't have amino acid)

Question 45

What is a polysome? Hint: Poly-Some

Answer 45

Multiple ribosomes on a single RNA

Question 46

What is the product of TransLation?

Answer 46

Polypeptide chain

Question 47

What is the whole purpose of transcription and translation

Answer 47

Make protein from mRNA

Question 48

Does RNA Polymerase need a primer like DNA Polymerase?

Answer 48

No; Does not require a primer like DNA polymerase needs

Question 49

How is termination of transcription determined?

Answer 49

Specific DNA sequence

Question 50

*What is the first tRNA called?

Answer 50

Initiator (Methionine) different shape than other tRNA's

Question 51

*Where does the INITIATOR tRNA enter?

Answer 51

Peptidyl tRNA site the only one to do so

Question 52

Where are the Exit, Peptidyl tRNA and Aminoacyl tRNA sites located?

Answer 52

Large ribosomal subunit

Question 53

Translocation, the transferring the products of Peptydyl tRNA (Met, Try, etc) require what?

Answer 53

GTP energy

Question 54

Where does "Protein finishing" take place?

Answer 54

ER and Golgi apparatus called "Post-translation"