ch 6- Pediatric Thorax Flashcards by Tabitha Collins

Neurogenic tumors are usually _______ which arise _____ along the sympathetic chain

1) ganglioneuromas

2) Posteriorly

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Neurogenic tumors are ____, ____ & have ______

1) well- defined

2) hypoechoic

3) small granular calcifications

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Neurogenic tumors are associated with ______

Rib erosions

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_______ are the malignant form of neurogenic tumors

Neuroblastoma’s

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Neurenteric cyst are ______ that have __________ from the neural canal during development

1) cysts of bowel

2) failed to separate

seen prenatally

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Neurenteric cyst present as _____, ______ cyst in the ____ chest.

1) well-defined

2) thin walled

3) posterior

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With neurenteric cyst, A spinal anomaly is seen ____ than the lesion on x-ray. They are usually ____ but may contain ______ due to _______

1) higher

2) hypoechoic

3) Debris

4) infection or hemorrhage

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Pulmonary Sequestration is AKA ___________

Bronchopulmonary Foregut Malformation

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Pulmonary Sequestration
(aka Bronchopulmonary Foregut Malformation) refers to a segment of lung which ________ due to _____ with _____ communication to the tracheobronchial tree.

1) does not function

2) anomalous arterial blood supply

3) no communication

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Pulmonary Sequestration
(aka Bronchopulmonary Foregut Malformation) is due to a developmental abnormality in which there is an ______________________

Accessory tracheobronchial forgut bud

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Pulmonary Sequestration
(aka Bronchopulmonary Foregut Malformation) clinically, lower lung ____ that ____ completely is seen.

1) consolidation

2) never clears

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List the 2 types of Pulmonary Sequestration
(aka Bronchopulmonary Foregut Malformation)

1) Intralobar pulmonary sequestration

2) Extralobar pulmonary sequestration

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Intralobar pulmonary sequestration is an _____ condition where abnormal lung is enclosed in _______ of the affected lobe.

1) aquired

2) visceral pleura

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Intralobar pulmonary sequestration often presents on ______, occurs following _____, & is associated with _____ & a compromised ______

1) young adults

2) pneumonia

3) bronchial obstruction

4) pulmonary artery supply

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Extralobar pulmonary sequestration is a ______ which is more common in ____ & 4 times more common on the _____

1) congenital anomaly

2) Males

3) on the left

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Extralobar pulmonary sequestration
These patients have pulmonary tissue with _____ & greater than 60% have a _____ & ______

1) separate pleura

2)diaphragmatic defect

3) CCAM of the lungs

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Extralobar pulmonary sequestration
the _____ can be seen separately, & an _____ may be detected from the ____

1) left adrenal

2) abnormal arterial supply

3) aorta

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What does CPAM stand for?

(AKA CCAM)

1) Congenital pulmonary airway malformation
or Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation

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Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) is a mass of __________ which develop in the fetal chest.

Abnormal bronchial & lung tissue

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List the 3 types of Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) i

Type 1- Macrocystic

Type 2 - Mixed

Type 3- Microcystic

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Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM)
Type 1 - macrocystic is ______

one or more large cyst > 2cm

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Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM)
Type 2- Mixed is ______

multiple small cyst

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Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM)
Type 3- Microcysts appears______

solid on ultrasound

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What is the difference between CPAM/CCAM & Pulmonary Sequestration ?

No vascular supply is demonstrated with CPAM/CCAM

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CPAM/CCAM is associated with ______ & _____ in the fetus, due to the tissue

1) Polyhydramnios & hydrops 2) impinging on the esophagus & causing fluid backup

Pleural effusion refers to fluid in the _____. A simple PE should appear ___ & resolves with ____

1) Pleural cavity 2) anechoic 3) antibiotics

Complicated PE's are usually due to _____ & appear ____

1) bacterial infection 2) cloudy

Bacterial PE's have to be ______ for resolution

drained

Consolidation of the lungs appears _____. The lung tissue solidifies due to _______ or ____, as in ______

1) hypoechoic 2) fluid or exudate 3) pneumonia

Diaphragmatic hernia is a defect in the diaphragm in which the ________________. It can be ____ or _____

1) abdominal contents herniate into the chest. 2) congenital 3) acquired (due to trauma)

List the 2 types of Diaphragmatic hernia's.

1) Bochdalek hernia 2) Morgagni hernia

Bochdalek hernia is _____ & affects the ____

1) more common 2) affects the back (posterior, large)

Bochdalek hernia is associated with ______, _______, ______, & ______

1) pulmonary hypoplasia 2) prolapsed retroperitoneal fat 3) spleen 4) Left Kidney

Approximately ______ of congenital diaphragmatic hernias are Bochdalek hernia.

95 %

A Morgagni hernia affects the _______. They area _____ & ______.

1) the front (anterior) 2) small 3) rare

Morgagni hernia occur ____ & _____ through the _____ .

1) later in life 2) bulge 3) intercostal angles

Diaphragmatic hernias area more common on the ______ (due to the _______)

1) left 2) liver acting as a plug

Diaphragmatic Eventration is a _____ anomaly causing an ______ of the diaphragm dome.

1) congenital anomaly 2) abnormal elevation

Diaphragmatic Eventration is due to part of the diaphragm being composed of ______ with ________

1) fibrous tissue 2) little or no muscle fibers

With Diaphragmatic Eventration, over time this region stretches & on ______, does _______

1)on inspiration 2) does not contract normally

Diaphragmatic Eventration is usually seen in the ____________

Antero-medial right hemidiaphragm

Diaphragmatic Eventration may also be acquired due to ____, ____ or _____

1) birth trauma 2) Chest surgery 3) rare chest tumors

Diaphragmatic paralysis in children is usually due to ________ due to ______ or ______

1) Phrenic nerve damage 2)birth trauma 3) spinal cord disorders

Newborns & children with unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis may experience more severe respiratory distress than adults due to _____ & _____

1) weaker muscle 2) a more compliant chest wall

With Diaphragmatic paralysis the newborn may have a _____ or show signs of ______, with frequent______.

1) weak cry 2) gastrointestinal distress 3) vomiting

Children with bilateral Diaphragmatic paralysis require ________ & _______ because the condition can be _____

1) immediate medical attention 2) ventilator intervention 3) life threatening

To assess Diaphragmatic paralysis accurately, the transducer should be placed _________

In the intercostal rib spaces

With Diaphragmatic paralysis, if the patient is on a ventilator, it should be ______ while ____ is being performed.

1) disconnected for 5-10 seconds 2) M- mode

If Diaphragmatic paralysis is present, _____ or ______ of the diaphragm will be seen with an _____ on the contralateral side.

1) absent 2)paradoxical motion (up on inspiration) 3) exaggerated digression

Malignant Rhabdomyosarcoma is a ____ arising from the ______

1) rare tumor 2) diaphragmatic muscle

The thymus gland is located in the ______, _____ to the aortic arch.

1) superior mediastinum 2) anterior

The thymus gland can be visualized in children up to _____. It has the appearance of a _____ & _______ later in childhood.

1) 2 years old 2) Sail 3) atrophies

The thymus is a specialized ____ of the immune system.

lymphoid gland

At _____, the thymus reached the height of its use, becoming the largest. After this age, the size of the thymus ______ as the ______ disappears & the _____ appears.

1) puberty 2) declines 3) lymphoid tissue disappears 4) fat & fibrous tissue appears

Thymic cysts are usually _____ & _______.

1) unilocular 2) extremely uncommon

Thymic cysts may occur from the _______ to the _______, & are more common on the _______.

1) angle of the mandible 2) thoracic inlet 3) left

List the symptoms of Thymic cysts in newborns. (4)

1) hoarseness 2) dysphagia 3) stridor 4) respiratory distress

Superior herniation of the thymus into the neck is _____

Rare

Intermittent migration of the Thymus out of the thorax into the suprasternal region occurs during ______

Valsalva

A cervical ectopic thymus is _____

Very uncommon

Thymic tissue may be found along the ____ or protrude into the ____ due to a _____.

1) thymopharyngeal duct 2) chest wall 3) congenital sternal defect

The thymus may also be involved in the following. (6)

1) hemorrhage 2) hemangioma 3) Langerhans cell histiocytosis 4) malignant infiltration of either lymphoma or leukemia 5) lipoma 6) lymphatic formation

Which gland has the appearance of a "sail" on ultrasound? A. Thymus gland B. Adrenal gland C. Parotic gland D Lingual gland

A Thymus gland

What type of diaphragmatic hernia affects the front of the diaphragm? A. Bochdalek B. Morgagni C. Inguinal D. Umbilical

B Morgagni

All of the following are true pertaining to Extralobar Pulmonary Sequestration EXCEPT: A. More common in males B. More common in females C. four times more common on the left D. greater than 60% of children with this anomaly have a diaphragmatic defect.

B. More common in females is incorrect *** More common in males

ch 6- Pediatric Thorax Flashcards

(65 cards)