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Anatomy Lecture > Ch 6 Skeletal > Flashcards

Ch 6 Skeletal Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What bones fuse together after birth?

A

Frontal of the skull, mandible, pelvic bone, and coccyx

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2
Q

Extra pieces usually found within a suture joint

A

Sutural bones

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3
Q

Bones embedded in a tendon or a muscle near joint surfaces

A

Sesamoid bones

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4
Q

Reduced friction between bones

A

Cartilage

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5
Q

Attach muscles to bones

A

Tendons

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6
Q

Connect one bone to another bone

A

Ligaments

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7
Q

Substances (material) surrounding bone cells

A

Bone matrix

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8
Q

What compound provides weight bearing strength

A

Hard calcium

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9
Q

What provides flexible strength

A

Collagen fibers

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10
Q
  • Cells that add calcium compounds to bone matrix
  • build bone matrix
A

Osteoblasts

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11
Q
  • cells that secret acids and enzymes that dissolve bone matrix
    -breaks down bone matrix and calcium ions are released into the bloodstream
A

Osteoclasts

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12
Q
  • cells that support and nourish bone matrix
  • mature bone cells
A

Osteocytes

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13
Q

Forms the hard outer shell of the bones

A

Compact bone

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14
Q

Concentre rings of bone matrix

A

Lamellae

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15
Q

Small spaces that contain osteocytes

A

Lacunae

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16
Q

Contains blood vessels and nerves

A

Central canal

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17
Q

Tiny passageway between osteocytes and the central canal

A

Canaliculi

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18
Q

-Forms inside of bone
- spaces are filled with bone marrow

A

Spongy bone

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19
Q

Needle-like of plates of bone

A

Trabecuale

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20
Q

Sites of blood cell production

A

Red marrow

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21
Q

Stores adipose

A

Yellow marrow

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22
Q

At birth is all bone marrow red or yellow

A

Red

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23
Q

Where is red marrow found in adults

A

Flat bones of the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, clavicle, scapula, pelvic bone, and proximal ends of the humerus and femur

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24
Q

Center shaft of a long bone

A

Diaphysis

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25
What is the diaphysis made up of?
Compact bone
26
Hollow cavity filled with adipose
Marrow cavity
27
At the proximal and distal ends of the bone
Epiphysis
28
What type of bone does the epiphysis contain?
Spongy bone
29
Covers the epiphysis
Articular cartilage
30
Tough, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of bone
Periosteum
31
Inner membrane that contains bone cells
Endosteum
32
Bone formation- replacing other tissues with bone
Ossification
33
One tissue replaces cartilage- most bones (including long bones) are formed this way
Endochondral ossification
34
-Bone development within sheets of membranes of fibrous connective tissue - bones formed this including flat bones of the skull, mandible, and the clavicle
Intramembranous ossification
35
Deposition of calcium salts
Calcification
36
Hyaline cartilage forms miniature models of future bones
Cartilage model
37
- Starts at the outer part of the diaphysis - chondrocytes in the diaphysis enlarge and the matrix begins to calcify
Bony collar bone formation
38
- diaphysis is the first place - new osteoblasts form spongy bone
Primary ossification center
39
- Epiphyses begin to calcify and fill with spongy bone - osteoclast begins to break down spongy bone in the diaphysis
Secondary ossification centers
40
- growth plates made up of hyaline cartilage - lengthwise growth occurs as chondrocytes divide by mitosis - cartilage near the diaphysis is replaced with bone as osteoblasts add bone matrix
Epiphysis plate
41
- remnants of growth plate - indicates all the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate has been replaced by bone and therefore growth has stopped
Epiphyseal lines
42
Growth in width of bone
Appositional growth
43
Give bone weight bearing strength
Calcium and phosphate salts
44
Needed for collage synthesis
Vitamin C
45
Stimulates osteoblasts
Vitamin A
46
Increases calcium absorption from the digestive tract
Vitamin D3
47
Promotes growth at epiphyseal plate by stimulating chondrocytes and osteoblasts to divide (mitosis)
Growth hormone
48
Adjusts the activities of GH
Thyroid hormone
49
- Initially stimulated bone growth - change the race between chondrocytes and osteoblasts in divide (mitosis)
Estrogen and testosterone
50
- adjust bone architecture to meet changing mechanical needs - helps repair micro-damages to bone matrix and prevent accumulation of old bone
Bone remodeling
51
Break down and remove old/damaged bone matrix
Osteoclast (bone remodeling)
52
Build and lay down new bone matrix
Osteoblasts (bone remodeling)
53
Bone in a healthy person will adapt to the loads under which it is placed
Wolff’s law
54
Functions of Ca2+
- blood clotting - muscle contraction - release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells -role in electrical signals in nerve cells
55
- low blood calcium levels - muscle spasms - tingling sensations - convulsions if there is a 35% decrease in blood Ca2+
Hypocalcemia
56
- high blood calcium levels - muscle weakness - kidney stones - confusion
Hypercalcemia
57
- from the parathyroid glands - stimulus for its release is low blood Ca2+ levels - overall function is to help increase blood Ca2+
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
58
Vitamin D3 is needed for it to be made - works with PTH to reduce Ca2+ loss in urine - enhances Ca2+ absorption from the intestines into the blood
Calcitriol from the kidneys
59
Helps lower blood Ca2+ levels by inhibiting the activity of osteoblasts
Calcitonin
60
Collections of blood confined within an organ or spaces
Hematoma
61
Connective tissue fibers and cartilage
Callus formation
62
Between the ends of the broken bones
Internal callus
63
Collar around the break
External callus
64
Formation of spongy bone - replaces cartilage of the internal and external calluses
Callus ossification
65
- compact bone replaces spongy bone - part of the internal callus is removed restoring the marrow cavity
Remodeling

Anatomy Lecture (3 decks)

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