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OB Tests > Ch 63 Fetal Urogenital System > Flashcards

Ch 63 Fetal Urogenital System Flashcards

1
Q

complex malformation involving lower limb anomalies, spinal defect, anal atresia, and lower abdominal wall defect below the cord insertion involving exstrophy of the bladder and protrusion of the intestines

A

cloacal exstrophy

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2
Q

failure of the testes to descend into the scrotu

A

cryptorchidism

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3
Q

abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the top side of the penis

A

epispadias

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4
Q

dilated renal pelvis in the fetus; most common fetal anomaly

A

fetal hydronephrosis

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5
Q

ovarian mass that results from maternal hormone stimulation and is usually benign

A

fetal ovarian cyst

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6
Q

condition in which both ovarian and testicular tissues are present

A

hermaphroditism

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7
Q

forms when the inferior poles of the kidney fuse while they are in the pelvis

A

horseshoe kidney

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8
Q

collection of fluid in the vagina and uterus

A

hydrometrocolpos

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9
Q

dilated ureters

A

hydroureters

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10
Q

abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis

A

hypospadias

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11
Q

autosomal recessive disease that affects the fetal kidneys and liver; the kidneys are enlarged and echogenic on ultrasound

A

infantile polycystic kidney disease (IPKD)

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12
Q

the level of the urethra where the urinary tract may become obstructed

A

megacystis

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13
Q

dilation of the lower end of the ureter; the common presentation of ureterovesical junction obstruction

A

megaureter

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14
Q

multiple cysts replace normal renal tissue throughout the kidney; usually causes renal obstruction

A

multicystic dysplastic kidney disease (MSCK)

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15
Q

occurs when the kidney does not migrate upward into the retroperitoneal space

A

pelvic kidney

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16
Q

occurs only in male fetuses; is manifested by the presence of a valve in the posterior urethra

A

posterior urethral valve

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17
Q

term used to describe renal diseases other than renal agenesis that result in renal failure and facial or structural abnormalities caused by oligohydramnios

A

Potter’s sequence

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18
Q

characterized by a group of findings associated with oligohydramnios and renal failure or bilateral renal agenesis; findings include abnormally positioned extremities, wide-set eyes, low-set ears, and broad nasal bridge

A

Potter’s syndrome

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19
Q

dilation of the fetal abdomen secondary to severe bilateral hydronephrosis and fetal ascites; fetus also has oligohydramnios and pulmonary hypoplasia

A

prune belly syndrome

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20
Q

dilated renal pelvis without involvement of the calyces

A

pyelectasis

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21
Q

renal system fails to develop

A

renal agenesis

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22
Q

a small part of the lumen of the allantois that persists while the urachus forms

A

urachal cyst

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23
Q

congenital outpouching of the distal ureter into the bladder

A

ureterocele

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24
Q

junction of the ureter entering the renal pelvis; most common site of obstruction

A

ureteropelvic obstruction (UPJ)

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25
Q

junction where the ureter enters the bladder

A

ureterovesical junction (UVJ)

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26
Q

condition that causes a massively distended bladder (prune belly)

A

urethral atresia

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27
Q

Dilation of the posterior urethra is highly suspicious for an obstructive process such as __________, also known as “Key - hole sign”

A

Posterior Urethral Valve Syndrome {PUVO}

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28
Q

PUVO {posterior urethral valve syndrome} occurs ONLY in _____ fetuses

A

MALE

29
Q

______ is a cystic dilation of the intravesical {bladder} segment of the distal ureter.

A

Ureterocele

30
Q

An ectopic ureter does not insert near the ________ angle of the trigone of the bladder

A

posterolateral

31
Q

With FEMALES, an ectopic ureter may insert into the _____ or _____

A

vagina or uterus

32
Q

With MALES, an ectopic ureter may insert into the _____, _____, or _______.

A

Seminal vesicle, vas deferens, or ejaculatory ducts

33
Q

Sonographic appearance of an ectopic ureter

A
  1. Usually unilateral
  2. Large, tortuous dilated ureter
  3. Ipsilateral hydronephrosis
  4. Normal amiotic fluid
34
Q

With ureterocele, females are more likely to present with _______

A

Renal duplication

35
Q

With ureterocele, males more commonly with _____ renal collecting system

A

Normal

36
Q

Complete duplication of the uterus and vagina

A

Uterus didelphys

37
Q

Duplication of the uterus

A

Bicornuate uterus

38
Q

Single uterine tube and horn

A

Unicornuate

39
Q

Three sets of excretory organs develop in the embryo:

A
  1. Pronephros {nonfunctioning}
  2. Mesonephros {Function for a short time}
  3. Metanephros {Permanent kidneys}
40
Q

The permanent kidneys {metanephros} begin to develop early in the ___th week

A

5th week

41
Q

The permanent kidneys develop from two different sources:

A
  1. The metanephric diverticulum or ureteric bud

2. The metanephric mesoderm

42
Q

The ureteric bud gives rise to the…

A
  1. Ureter
  2. Renal pelvis
  3. Calyces
  4. Collecting tubules
43
Q

The fetal bladder is derived from the ______ derivative known as the urogenital sinus

A

hindgut

44
Q

The fetal testes produce _____ that cause the masculinization of the external genitalia.

A

androgen

45
Q

The ____ elongates to form the penis. Sonographically called turtle sign!

A

Phallus

46
Q

Between ___ - ___ weeks the kidneys are slightly HYPERechoic wit regard to surrounding tissue

A

18-20 weeks

47
Q

By ___ weeks it is possible to distinguish the renal cortex from the medulla, outline the renal capsule clearly, and see a central echogenic area in the renal sinus region

A

25 weeks

48
Q

The upper limit of normal for the renal pelvis AP diameter is ___ mm up to the 3rd trimester and ___ mm from the 3rd trimester to term.

A

4mm

7mm

49
Q

The ureters typically measure less than ___ to ___ mm in diameter and should NOT be filled with anechoic fluid

A

1 to 2 mm

50
Q

The bladder wall is normally ___ mm or less and is best measured at the level of the _________

A

2mm

Umbilical artery

51
Q

Abnormal amniotic fluid levels after ___-___ weeks could indicate renal anomalies

A

14-16 weeks

52
Q

In females, the urogenital sinus becomes the ____ and the ____. The urogenital folds become the labia MINORA, the labioscrotal swellings become the labia MAJORA, and the phallus becomes the ____

A
  • urethra and the vagina

* Clitoris

53
Q

The kidneys should be evaluated by assessing their _____, _____, and ______.

A

anatomy, texture, and size

54
Q

At ____ weeks the bladder can be seen.

A

13 weeks

55
Q

In males the _____ becomes the penis

A

Phallus

56
Q

Unilateral is more common than bilateral renal agenesis {T/F}

A

TRUE

57
Q

Bilateral renal agenesis is often referred to as _______

A

Potter’s syndrome

58
Q

Associated anomalies with bilateral renal agenesis … {4}

A
  1. cardiac defects
  2. musculoskeletal disorders
  3. central nervous system anomalies
  4. Gastrointestinal anomalies
59
Q

Unilateral agenesis may be associated with _____ anomalies in females and _____, ______, or _____ in males

A

Uterine anomalies in females

Testicular hypoplasia, agenesis, or hypospadias in males

60
Q

Crossed ectopic kidneys are usually fused together and found on the ____ side

A

right

61
Q

Exstrophy of the bladder occurs primarily in _____ and the incidence is __ in ___ births

A

Males

1 in 30,000 births

62
Q

In early development the urinary bladder is continuous with the ______.

A

allantois

63
Q

The allantois regressed to become a fibrous cord known as the ______. This cord or ligament extends from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus.

A

Urachus

64
Q

If the lumen of the allantois persists while the urachus forms, a ______ develops, which causes urine to drain from the urinary bladder to the umbilicus .

A

Urachal fistula ****

65
Q

If only a SMALL part of the lumen of the allantois persists, it is called a _______

A

urachal cyst {or a vesicoallantoic cyst}

66
Q

If a LARGER portion of the lumen of the allantois persists it may cause a _______ to develop. {The term patent urachus is often used}

A

urachal sinus

67
Q

_______ is a heterogenous group of heritable, developmental, and acquired disorders

A

Renal Cystic Disease

68
Q

______ is used to describe diseases that are associated with renal failure, oligohydramnios, and Potters facies.

A

Potter’s sequence

OB Tests (8 decks)

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