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OB Tests > Ch 59 Fetal Neural Axis > Flashcards

Ch 59 Fetal Neural Axis Flashcards

1
Q

Remnant brain with anencephaly is covered by a thick membrane called

A

Angiomatous stroma or cerebrovasculosa

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2
Q

_____ usually progresses to anencephaly as the brain slowly degenerates as a result of exposure to amniotic fluid

A

Acrania {may be a precursor to anencephaly}

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3
Q

Causes of anencephaly include

A
  1. Meckel - Gruber
  2. Chromosomal anomaly
  3. Increased risk with diabetes mellitus
  4. Enviromental & dietary factors
  5. Amniotic band syndrome
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4
Q

Neural tube defect in which the meninges alone or the meninges and brain herniated through a defect in the calvarium

A

Cephalocele

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5
Q

Herniation of meninges and brain through a calvarium defect

A

Encephalocele

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6
Q

Herniation of meninges ONLY

{has a 60% chance of normal mentation}

A

Cranial meningocele

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7
Q

What is the most common open neural tube defect?

A

Anencephaly

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8
Q

Complete/ partial absence of the forebrain; With the presence of the brain stem, midbrain, skull base, and facial structures. {Frog like appearance}

A

Anencephaly

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9
Q

Autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by encephalocele, polydactyly, polycystic kidneys

A

Meckel-Gruber Syndrome

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10
Q

Lack of closure of the vertebral column {a cleft or opening in the spine}

A

Spina Bifida

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11
Q

Spina bifida most commonly occurs in the ______ and ______ regions of the spine

A

Lumbar & Sacral

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12
Q

Open neural tube defect WITHOUT external abnormalities

{normal spinal cord, nerves, & normal neurologic developemnt} {spinal defect covered by skin or hair}

A

Spina bifida occulta

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13
Q

Open neural tube defect WITH external abnormalities and neurological complications

A

Spina bifida cystic or aperta

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14
Q

Most severe form of spina bifida

A

Spina bifida cystic or aperta

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15
Q

Only meninges through a defect

A

Meningocele

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16
Q

Meninges and neural elements through a defect

A

Meningomyelocele

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17
Q

Increased AFP with spina bifida {T/F}

A

TRUE

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18
Q

A congenital anomaly associated with spina bifida CYSTICA in which the cerebellum and brain stem are pulled down through the 4th ventricle, cisterns magna, and foramen magna into the cervical spinal cord; the cerebellum distorts to a “banana sign”

A

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

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19
Q

Most common form of Arnold-chiari malformation {this is the type seen in OB ultrasound}

A

Type II

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20
Q

Banana sign is associated with dilated ______ and______, and meningomyelocele

A

3rd & lateral ventricles & meningomyelocele

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21
Q

The banana shaped cerebellum is create by an obliterated _________

A

Cisterna magna

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22
Q

Lemon sign is associated with ______ and ______

A

Encephalocele & thanatophoric dysplasia

23
Q

Abnormal development of the roof of the 4th ventricle which causes obstruction of the 4th ventricle outflow & cystic enlargement of the posterior fossa

A

Dandy walker malformation

24
Q

Differential diagnosis of dandy walker malformation

A

arachnoid cyst

25
Q

Sonographic appearance of _______ :

  • large midline cystic structure in posterior fossa {dilated 4th ventricle}
  • cerebral hemisphere might be splayed and flattened due to complete or partial absence of the vermis
  • enlarged cisterna magna
  • ventriculomegaly
  • polyhydramnios
A

Dandy walker malformation

26
Q

Most severe form of holoprosencephaly

A

Lobar holoprosencephaly

27
Q

________- SMALL BRAIN

  • single venticle
  • incompletely fused thalami
  • no midline brain structures
A

Semi lobar holoprosencephaly

28
Q

mildest form of holoprosecephaly {rarely detected on ultrasound}

A

Lobar holoprosencephaly

29
Q

Hypotelorism with flattened nose and a single nostril

A

Cebocephaly

30
Q

Severe hypotelorism with proboscis

A

Ethmocephaly

31
Q

Sonographic findings:

  • C-shaped single ventricle
  • Horseshoe shape brain tissue
  • Fused thalami
  • Absent falx, cavum septum pellucidum, corpus septum pellucidum, corpus callosum, optic tracts,olfactory bulb, & 3rd ventricle
A

Sonographic findings for holoprosencephaly

32
Q

Broad transverse nerve track connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres; thought to involve vascular disruption or inflammatory lesion before 12 weeks {sporadic condition}

A

agenesis of the corpus callousum

33
Q

Sonographic findings:

  • Absent cave septi pellucidum & corpus callosum
  • Elevation and dilation of the 3rd ventricle
  • Lateral ventricle displaced upward & outward
  • dilated occipital horns {colpocephaly}
    * ^ gives lateral ventricle a tear drop shape
A

agenesis of the corpus callousum

34
Q

Results from stenosis, atresia, or obstruction of the aqueduct of sylvius which causes ventriculomegaly

A

Aqueduct stenosis

35
Q

The aqueduct of sylvius connects the …..

A

3rd & 4th ventricles

36
Q

Aqueduct stenosis may result from intrauterine infections such as…. {3}

A
  1. Cystomeglovirus
  2. Rubella
  3. Toxoplasmosis
37
Q

Primary aqueduct stenosis is usually ___-linked

A

X-linked

38
Q

Rare event demonstrating an enlarged vein communicating with a normal appearing artery {AV malformation}

A

Vein of Galen malformation

39
Q

Vein of galen aneurysm {malformation} is usually isolated but has been associated with… {3}

A
  1. congenital hear defects
  2. cystic hygromas
  3. hydrops
40
Q

Sonographic findings:

  • Irregular shaped cystic space located midline and poster-superior to the 3rd ventricle
  • turbulent flow with doppler evaluation
A

Vein of galen aneurysm

41
Q

Represents the most common intracranial “abnormality” reported prenatally

A

Choroid plexus cyst

42
Q

Choroid plexus cyst usually resolve by…

A

22-16 weeks

43
Q

Choroid plexus cysts contain ____ and ____

A

cerebral spinal fluid & cellular debris

44
Q

Large choroid plexus cysts { >1 cm} carry greater risk for an underlying chromosomal anomaly, especially ______

A

Trisomy 18 - edwards

45
Q

RARE disorder characterized by clefts in the cerebral cortex

A

Schinzencephaly

46
Q

This disorder is associated with congenital infections, drugs, and other toxic exposures, vascular accidents, and metabolic abnormalities

A

Schinzencephaly

47
Q

Sonographic appearance:

  • fluid-filled cleft in cerebral cortex extending from ventricle to calvarium
  • ventriculomegaly
A

Schinzencephaly

48
Q

What is the destruction of cerebral hemispheres by bilateral occlusion of the internal carotid arteries; the cerebral hemispheres are replaced by cerebral spinal fluid

A

Hydranencephaly

49
Q

Sonographic findings:

  • CSF, no normal brain tissue
  • absent or partially absent falx
  • presence of the midbrain, basal ganglia, & cerebellum
  • possible identification of the choroid plexus & possible macrocephaly
A

Hydranencephaly

50
Q

Ventriculomegaly is defined as lateral ventricular enlargement of ____

A

greater than 10 mm

51
Q

Ventriculomegaly in the neonate with enlargement of the head

A

Hydrocephalus

52
Q

is Anencephaly is more common in females or males? / Whites or blacks?

A

Females, Whites

{also more common in the UK}

53
Q

Filly’s rules:
If the atrium of the lateral ventricle and the cisterna magna BOTH measure ______, there is a 95% negative predictive value for any central nervous system anomaly

A

Equal to or greater than 10 mm

OB Tests (8 decks)

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