ch 67 highlights Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
recommended dietary allowance
A
requirements of nearly all healthy individuals
differ for males and females
increase for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding
Change as people grow older
2
Q
estimate of the average daily intake required to meet nutritional needs
A
AI - adequate intake
only estimates
3
Q
You need a EAR to make a
A
RDA
4
Q
If you cannot make an RDA, you get a
A
AI
5
Q
fat soluble vitamins
A
A, D, E, K
6
Q
water soluble vitamins
A
C and B
7
Q
the level of intake that will meet nutritional requirements for 50% of healthy individuals
A
Estimated Average Requirement
8
Q
too much vitamin A causes
A
increases r/o osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and an cause birth defects when the vitamin is taken early in pregnancy
9
Q
too much vit E in older people with chronic health problems
A
increases r/o death
10
Q
Nutrition experts recommend vit B12 (cyanocobalamin) for all
A
people over 50 years
11
Q
Nutrition experts recommend folic acid for all
A
women of childbearing age
12
Q
Nutrition experts recommend vit d (plus calcium)
A
for postmenopausal women and others at risk for fractures
13
Q
smoking increases risk of what vit def
A
vit c
14
Q
vegan diets need what supplements
A
A
B2
B12
D
15
Q
Breastfeeding infants need what supplement
A
Vit D
16
Q
vitamin a use
A
adaptation to dim light embryogenesis spermatogenesis immunity growth skin and mucous membranes
17
Q
Vit A food sources
A
dairy products meat fish oil carrots cantaloupe mangoes spinach tomatoes pumpkin sweet potato
18
Q
what is the first indication of a vit a def
A
night blindness
can lead to blindness
19
Q
increased levels of vit A will block what vit
A
vit D
20
Q
excess vit A can lead to
A
birth defects
liver injury
bone-related disorders
21
Q
tox Vit a symptoms
A
vomiting jaundice hepatosplenomegaly skin changes hypomenorrhea elevation of Intracranial pressure
disappear after vit A withdrawal
22
Q
Vit D plays a critical role in
A
calcium metabolism and maintenance of bone health
23
Q
Vid d def in children
A
rickets
24
Q
Vit d def in adults
A
osteomalacia
25
Vit E uses
antioxidant
| role in protecting blood cells from homolysis
26
Vit E sources
```
vegetable oils
nuts
wheat germ
whole grain products
mustard greens
```
27
Vit E def
ataxia
sensory neuropathy
areflexia
muscle hypertrophy
28
high dose vit E does what
increases risk for hemorrhagic stroke by inhibiting platelet aggregation
increased cancer risk
high doses of antioxidants may cause cancer or accelerate cancer progression
29
High dose vit E in combination with vit C has what effects on the benefits of exercise on insulin sensitivity
can blunt the beneficial effects of exercise on insulin sensitivity
30
Vitamin K actions
needed to coagulate blood
1) correction or prevention of hypoprothrombinemia and bleeding caused by vit k deficiency
2) control of hemorrhage caused by warfarin
31
sources of Vit K
met through dietary sources, synthesized by intestinal flora
32
vit K may be low in who
newborns due to the intestinal colonization of the gut is not complete until several days after birth
33
vit K def causes
produces bleeding tendencies
| if severe, spontaneous hemorrhage may occur
34
what disease processes can decrease vit k uptake
obstructive jaundice
| malabsorption syndromes - sprue, celiac disease, cystic fibrosis of the pancreas
35
newborns receive what injection after delivery
Vit K1 (phytonadione)
36
Vit k tox can cause
hyperbilirubinemia, hemolytic anemia and jaundice in newborn
oral form of vit k is not toxic in adults
37
ascorbic acid (Vit C)
synthesis of adrenal steroids
conversion of folic acid to folinic acid
regulation of the resp cycle in mitochondria
facilitates absorption of dietary iron
38
the only established indication for Vit C is
prevention and treatment of scurvy
39
for severe, acute def of vit c what route of administration is recommended
Vit C
40
studies have shown that large doses of Vit C do/do not reduce the incidence of colds
do not, although the intensity or duration may be decreased slightly
41
sources for vit c (ascorbic acid)
```
citrus fruits and juices
tomatoes
potatoes
strawberries
melons
spinach
broccoli
```
OJ and lemon juice are especially rich sources
42
symptoms of scurvy
```
faulty bone and tooth development
loosening of teeth
gingivitis
bleeding gums
poor wound healing
hemorrhage into muscles and joints
ecchymoses
```
43
though not a common cause of deficiency, smoking creates an increased need for
vit c
44
symptoms
nausea
abd cramps
diarrhea
what vit tox causes these symptoms
Vit C tox
45
Vit B3 (Niacin) roles or nicotinic acid
plays a role in cellular respiration
46
sources of niacin (nicotinic acid) aka vit B3
```
liver
poultry
fish
potatoes
peanuts
cereal bran
cereal germ
```
47
```
Pellagra - rough skin
- dermatitis-scaling, cracking of skin
abd pain
diarrhea
soreness of tongue and mouth
irritability
insomnia
memory loss
anxiety
dementia
```
Niacin def symptoms
all symptoms can be reversed with niacin replacement therapy
48
Niacin/Vit B3 (nicotinic acid) tox
vasodilation
flushing
dizziness
nausea
49
Vit B12 (riboflavin) uses
acts as a coenzyme for multiple oxidative reactions
50
```
sore throat
angular stomatitis (cracks in the skin at the corners of the mouth)
```
Vit B12 (riboflavin) def
51
later symptoms of Vit B12 (riboflavin) def
cheilosis (painful cracks in the lips)
glossitis (inflammation of the tongue)
vascularization of the cornea
itchy dermatitis of the scrotum or vulva
52
Vit B12 (riboflavin) tox
excess is excreted in the urine
53
Vit B12 (riboflavin) can help prevent
migraine headaches - prophylactic effects do not develop until after 3 months of treatment
54
Vit B1 (Thiamine) actions
coenzyme for carbohydrate metabolism
55
Vit B1 (Thiamine) sources
enriched fortified or whole grain products esp breads and ready to eat cereals
fish (esp tuna, salmon and anchovies)
liver
chicken
pork
beef
lamb
56
Vit B1 (Thiamine) def produces
wet beriberi
| dry beriberi
57
primary symptom is fluid accumulation in the legs
cardiovascular complications
rapidly progress to circulatory collapse and death
wet beriberi (easier to fix)
58
neurologic and motor deficits (anesthesia of the feet, ataxic gait, footdrop, wristdrop)
dry beriberi (harder to fix)
59
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Thiamine deficiency (B1) in people with chronic alcohol consumption
60
```
neurologic and psychologic manifestations
nystagmus
diplopia
ataxia
inability to remember the recent past
```
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
61
tox for Vit B1 (Thiamine)
devoid of tox symptoms
62
Vit B6 (Pyridoxine) action
coenzyme in the metabolism of amino acids and proteins
63
Vit B6 (Pyridoxine) sources
```
fortified, ready to eat cereals
meat
fish
poultry
white potatoes and other starchy vegetables
non-citrus fruits
beef liver
soy based products
```
64
```
seborrheic dermatitis
anemia
peripheral neuritis
convulsions
depression
confusion
```
Vit B6 (Pyridoxine) def
65
dietary def of Vit B6 (Pyridoxine) is rare except among people
who abuse alcohol on a long term basis
66
People who are predisposed to neuropathy like people with diabetes or alcoholism should receive daily
Vit B6 (Pyridoxine) supplements
67
infants with irritability
convulsions
anemia
might be deficient in
Vit B6 (Pyridoxine)
permanent cognitive deficits unless treated early
68
ataxia
| numbness to hands and feet
Vit B6 (Pyridoxine) tox from high doses
in low doses no tox
69
Vit B12 (Cyanocobalamin) action
carb and fat metabolism
protein synthesis
synthesis of DNA
formation of blood cells
70
sources of Vit B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
```
clams
liver
meat
fish
poutry
eggs
milk
fortified processed cereals
```
71
Vit B12 (Cyanocobalamin) def results in
megoblastic anemia (ie: pernicious)
macrocytic anemia
neurologic damage
72
what populations are at high risk for Vit B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
bariatric surgery
strict vegan diet
age associated gastric atrophy
73
Most common presenting symptom of Vit B12 (Cyanocobalamin) def
Glossitis
74
Vit B12 (Cyanocobalamin) def symptoms
-impaired cognition
-mood alterations
-psychosis
peripheral sensory deficits with weakness
ataxia
extrapyramidal symptoms
GI effects
Glossitis
75
Vitamin B9 occurs in 2 forms
folic acid
| folate
76
Which B9 form is the naturally occurring form of the vit
Folate
77
Which B9 form is the synthetic form
Folic acid which is more stable than folate
78
Folate functions as a
coenzyme in the synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Has a role in the metabolism of amino acids
79
Folic acid supplements are used to prevent
neural tube defects
80
Sources of folate
Beef liver is the highest
spinach
black eyed peas
asparagus
green leafy vegetables
all enriched grain products must be fortified with folic acid
81
pregnancy recommendation for folic acid intake
all women who are capable of becoming pregnant consume 400-800 ug of supplemental folic acid each day in addition to the folate they get from food
82
def in folic acid or vit B12 can result in megaloblastic anemia and neurologic damage. Deficiency in B9(folic acid) occur in concert. In instances were both are responsible what can be done?
high doses of folate can reverse the anemia but they cannot reverse the neurological damage that occurs secondary to vit B12 def
83
Vit B5 (Pantothenic acid) and supplemental use
OTC is available but there is no therapeutic use for this supplement bc def does not occur, no supplement is needed
84
Vit B5 (Pantothenic acid) sources
is present in virtually all foods
85
Vit B5 (Pantothenic acid) tox
no tox
86
Vit B7(Biotin) actions
involved in metabolism of carbs and fats
87
Primary reason people take Vit B7 (Biotin)
treat hair loss and improve skin conditions
88
Vit B7 Biotin sources
wide variety of foods
| synthesized in intestinal bacteria
89
```
dermatitis
conjunctivitis
hair loss
muscle pain
peripheral paresthesias
lethargy
hallucinations
depression
```
Vit B7 Biotin def
90
Vit B7 tox
no tox
91
what will increase absorption of iron
Vit C (OJ)
92
What supplement is given in high doses to treat hyperlipidemia
Nicotinic acid - causes vasodilation
93
What supplement is used to reduce cholesterol
Niacin
94
nicotinamide
no vasodilation but does not help with cholesterol
95
B6 interferes with
levodopa (Parkinson med)
