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Microbiology > Ch. 7 > Flashcards

Ch. 7 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What do microbes require?

A

certain environmental and nutritional elements to grow and live

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2
Q

Why is it important to understand where and how microbes thrive?

A

understanding them allows us to remove them and prevent infection

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3
Q

remove pathogens by:

A

pasteurization, disinfection, sterilization

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4
Q

What are we trying to prevent in HAIs?

A

CLABSI (central line associated blood stream infection), CAUTI (catheter associated urinary tract infection), MRSA, C Diff (clostridium difficile), surgical site infections. *u need to follow proper protocol for insertion, maintenance, care, etc

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5
Q

lab setting microbes

A

grown as pure, single-species culture

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6
Q

nature microbes

A

bacteria intermingle with archaea and eukaryotes

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7
Q

bacteria divide by binary fission but can use…

A

budding or spore formation

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8
Q

budding

A

asexual, original cell elongates and then develops a small outgrowth on one side -> chromosome is duplicated and placed in the bud -> separation from mother cell

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9
Q

spore formation

A

performed by some fungi and bacteria; can b sexual or asexual in fungi; asexual in bact; NOT the same as endospores

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10
Q

generation time

A

exponential growth of bacteria. depends on species and environment for how fast generations occur

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11
Q

bacterial growth phases

A

1) lag phase: cells adjust to their environment
2) log phase: exponential cell growth
3) stationary phase: number of cells dividing = number of cells dying
4) death phase: cells die as waste accumulates and nutrients are depleted

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12
Q

microbes have niches which are

A

particular environment where they have optimal growth

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13
Q

low temperature for microbes

A

slow down enzymatic activity. less growth

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14
Q

increased temperature for microbes

A

speed up enzymatic activity. increased growth rate

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15
Q

high temperatures for microbes

A

denature proteins -> cell dies

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16
Q

thermophiles

A

40-75 degrees C. associated with compost piles or hotsprings

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17
Q

extreme thermophiles

A

65-120 degrees C. associated w hydrothermal vents at bottom of ocean

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18
Q

Mesophiles

A

10-50 degrees C (most of our human microbes)

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19
Q

psychrotrophs

A

0-30 degrees C. associated with lots of food born illnesses

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20
Q

psychrophiles

A

-20-10 degrees C. found in below freezing envs

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21
Q

barophiles

A

can withstand high pressure env of deep sea; hydrothermal vents at ocean bottom

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22
Q

acidophiles

A

grow at pH 1 (or less) to pH 5; live in volcanic vents and sulfur hot springs

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23
Q

neutrophiles

A

grow best in pH 5-8; majority of microorganisms

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24
Q

alkaliphiles

A

grow in pH 9-11; soda lakes

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25
halophiles
thrive in high salt envs; dead sea, great salt lake of utah
26
facultative halophiles
tolerate high salt but may not grow well. Ex: S. aureus (MRSA infections)
27
extremophiles
exposed to combo of stressors (pH, temp, and/or salt)
28
obligate aerobe
absolute dependence on O2 used in metabolism
29
obligate anaerobe
grow in the presence of no oxygen
30
microaerophile
small amounts of O2 used in metabolism
31
aerotolerant anaerobe
O2 not used in metabolism but can tolerate it
32
facultative anaerobe
prefer using O2 but can survive w/o it
33
Most human pathogens are not...
obligate aerobes
34
essential nutrients
macronutrients: need large amounts to survive Ex: C, N, H micronutrients: need in small amounts to survive Ex: iron, other metals, minerals
35
heterotrophs
get organic C from OUTSIDE source; CANNOT make it themselves. Ex: humans
36
autotrophs
don’t need an external C source; they can fix inorganic C and convert into organic C; “self-feeding” Ex: plants
37
growth factors
substances that are necessary for growth that organisms can't make
38
fastidious
organisms need MULTIPLE growth factors to survive; “picky”
39
phototrophs
use light energy
40
chemotrophs
get energy from breaking down chemicals
41
P aeruginosa
can survive on limited nutrients in many envs, opportunistic, biofilms, facultative anaerobe, chemoheterotroph. common in burn pts and CF and immunocompromised; increasingly drug resistant; HAI
42
liquid media
ideal for growing large batches of microbes; *broth media
43
solid media
useful for isolating colonies and observing specific culture characteristics like morphology
44
semisolid media
useful for motility testing
45
complex media
we don’t know every component and amt of the components; good for growing fastidious organisms
46
defined media
we know exact components and amts of components
47
differential media
used to visually distinguish organisms from one another; *ex: blood agar
48
selective media
allows for growth of some organisms while suppressing others; *ex: mannitol salt agar and eosin methylene blue agar
49
aseptic techniques
protects us and the samples! *PPE, disinfecting, sealing contents after collection, sterilization, wash hands, new equipment, heat treatment, sanitation
50
why are cell counts important?
We wanna know growth rates in patient samples to determine antibiotics susceptibility
51
cell counts have:
direct counts and indirect counts
52
What are commonly used tools to identify microbes?
physical analysis: microscopy, staining, looking at morphological features biochemical analysis: metabolic activity genetic methods: PCR, electrophoresis, sequencing
53
decontamination
act of trying to reduce/get rid of microbes in environment
54
reduce decontamination
disinfecting -> reduces microbial #s ; used when preparing food, cosmetics, external medical equipment
55
remove decontamination
sterilizing -> eliminates ALL bact, viruses, endospores; required for drugs, medical procedure objects, media glassware
56
what does temperature control?
microbial growth. *think of food spoilage, autoclaving, storing samples, preserving
57
radiation
used to disinfect or sterilize
58
filtration
may wanna use if sample is sensitive to heat or if can’t use radiation
59
germicides
chemicals that control microbial growth. two types of germicides: *Microbiocidal: germicides that KILL microbes*Microbiostatic: germicides that only INHIBIT microbial growth
60
disinfectants
treat inanimate objects
61
antiseptics
applied to living tissue
62
germicides three tiers:
low-level agents: destroy all bacteria except M. tub; can destroy fungi and some viruses, but NOT endospores intermediate-level agents: destroy all bacteria including M. tub, fungi, virus, but NO endospores High-level agents: kills everything including endospores
63
critical equipment
comes into contact w sterile body sites or vascular sys; MUST be sterilized; *ex: surgical tools, implants, catheters
64
semi-critical equipment
comes in contact w mucous membranes or non intact skin; should be free of bact, fungi, viruses; *ex: respiratory equipment, endoscopes
65
noncritical equipment
contact pts’ intact skin; require less stringent disinfection; *ex: stethoscopes, BP cuffs, pulse ox
66
what should be considered when selecting an appropriate germicide?
item use, germicide reactivity, germicide concentration and treatment times, types of infectious agents being controlled, germicide toxicity, antiseptic use or disinfectant use
67
mycobacterium control
Mycobacterium causes TB and leprosy so control by reducing airborne particles; *isolation rooms and HEPA filters and high level disinfectants
68
endospores
survive drying, radiation, boiling, chemicals, and heat treatments. get rid of by autoclaving
69
viral control
viruses can be resistant to some measures. lipids in the viral envelope are sensitive to heat, drying, and detergents
70
prion control
surgical devices are reused after autoclaving or chemical sterilization. withstand autoclaving and chemical sterilization (increase pressure when autoclaving)

Microbiology (14 decks)

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