ch 7

Question 1

How many manipulated independent variables are there

Answer 1

four types of variables
1. Presence-absence variable
2. Type variable
3. Amount variable
4. Multivalent variable

Question 2

Define Presence-absence variable

Answer 2

A variable that involves a manipulation with a level that involves the treatment and a level that does not involve the treatment

Question 3

How many levels does Presence-absence variable have? What group are they?

Answer 3

2
Presence (Experimental group) and Absence (Control group)

Question 4

Presence-absence is also what….

Answer 4

Bivalent independent variable (2 = bi)

Question 5

Bivalent independent variable

Answer 5

An independent variable with two levels—a design is considered bivalent if it contains only one bivalent independent variable

(Its the easiest type of independent variable)

Question 6

Type variable

Answer 6

A variable that involves a manipulation of types of a treatment
* For example, different types of drugs or therapies can be compared for score on a depression questionnaire

Question 7

Amount variable

Answer 7

A variable that includes levels with a different amount of the treatment changing from level to level
* For example, an experiment can investigate the amount of a drug (i.e., dosage) that is optimal for relieving symptoms such that each level of a variable includes a different amount of the same drug given to the participants.

Question 8

Multivalent variable

Answer 8

An independent variable that includes three or more levels—a design is considered multivalent if there is only one independent variable that contains three or more levels

Question 9

How is Multivalent variable different from bivalent independent variables

Answer 9

o Bivalent examines ONE dv & ONE iv with TWO values

o Multivalent examines ONE dv & ONE iv with MORE than TWO VALUES

Question 10

How does Multivalent relate to levels of the IV?

Answer 10

Multivalent is talking about 3 or more levels 1dv and 1 iv

Question 11

Quasi-Independent variables

Answer 11

Variable that allows comparison of groups of participants without manipulation (i.e., no random assignment)

Question 12

Why are Quasi-Independent variables also referred to as subject variables?

Answer 12

They cannot be directly manipulated

Question 13

How are Quasi-Independent variables different from manipulated IVs

Answer 13

Quasi-Independent variables is a variable that allows comparison within a group with no manipulation
*Example: gender and age you cannot assign those

Question 14

How are Quasi-Independent variables similar to manipulated IVs

Answer 14

They need different levels to work quasi-iv and manipulated ivs

Question 15

Face validity

Answer 15

A study or scale appearing to be intuitively valid on the surface

Question 16

Internal validity

Answer 16

In a lab setting, all factors are controlled - results came from what was done in the experiment, not factors outside of it

Question 17

External validity

Answer 17

is the degree to which a study measures realistic behaviors and a study’s results can be generalized beyond the study (i.e., to other individuals and situations). In other words, if participants behave in a research study the way they would in their everyday lives, then the study has good external validity.

Question 18

External Validity examples

Answer 18

Ex. Attrition or mortality, Hawthorne Effect

Question 19

What are the sources of bias?

Answer 19

AH GO REST

Attrition or Mortality
Hawthorne Effect

Group Differences
Order Effects

Regression to the Mean
Experimenter Bias
Social Desirability
Testing Effects

Question 20

Order effects (Internal)

Answer 20

Order of conditions in a within-subjects design can affect data collected in different conditions.

Question 21

Example: ________ can occur when easy tasks precede difficult tasks or positive experiences precede negative experiences.

Answer 21

Order Effects

Question 22

Group differences (Internal)

Answer 22

Participant groups are not equated on characteristics that can affect the data.

Question 23

________________ based on gender, previous knowledge or experience with the task, or current mood state affect the scores.

Answer 23

Group differences

Question 24

Social desirability (Internal)

Answer 24

Participants provide survey responses to present themselves in a more positive way.

Question 25

Example: A participant responds to items on an anxiety survey with lower values than his or her actual level of anxiety.

Answer 25

Social Desirability

Question 26

Attrition or mortality (Internal & External)

Answer 26

Some participants choose not to or are unable to complete a study, biasing the sample.

Question 27

Example: Less conscientious participants do not complete all sessions of a multisession study.

Answer 27

Attrition or mortality

Question 28

Testing effects (Internal)

Answer 28

There are multiple testing sessions—first testing affects subsequent testing.

Question 29

Example: Scores are changed based on practice effects, fatigue effects, or accumulated knowledge of the task.

Answer 29

Testing effects

Question 30

Regression to the mean (Internal)

Answer 30

Extreme scores are unlikely to recur.

Question 31

A student earns a high score on a test in class but has a low average course grade; a professional athlete has a high-performing year compared with his or her average performance.

Answer 31

Regression to the mean

Question 32

Hawthorne effect (External)

Answer 32

Studying participants can change their behavior.

Question 33

Example: Workers’ productivity improves when they know they are being studied; participants perform better in a memory study than they would outside the study.

Answer 33

Hawthorne effect

Question 34

Experimenter bias (Internal)

Answer 34

The researcher treats different groups of participants in different ways based on knowledge of the study.

Question 35

The instructor spends more time discussing material in a class he knows is not receiving a new teaching technique designed to improve learning.

Answer 35

Experimenter bias

Question 36

What is counterbalancing

Answer 36

A control used in within-subjects experiments where equal numbers of participants are randomly assigned to different orders of the conditions

Question 37

How does counterbalancing relate to order effects?

Answer 37

You would have an equal amount of participants in each group and each group would have levels Ex: One group does A & B Other group doe B & A

Question 38

What is Single-blind design

Answer 38

Procedure used to hide the group assignment from the participants in a study to prevent their beliefs about the effectiveness of a treatment from affecting the results.

Question 39

What is Double-blind design

Answer 39

Procedure used to control for experimenter bias by keeping the knowledge of the group assignments from both the participants and the researchers who interact with the participants

Question 40

what types of biases does Single-blind design help reduce

Answer 40

observer bias

Question 41

what types of biases does double-blind design help reduce

Answer 41

experimenter bias

Question 42

Example: when the effectiveness of a drug is tested, the control group typically receives a placebo to equate beliefs of effectiveness of treatment across groups

Answer 42

Single-Based Design

Question 43

Example: the instructor from the earlier assignment study could have used a _________________ design by trying out her assignment in a colleague’s class or having a guest lecturer who is unaware of her hypothesis teach the material of interest.

Answer 43

Double-Blind Design

Question 44

testing effects

Answer 44

Occur when participants are tested more than once in a study—with early testing affecting later testing

Question 45

What are some of the consequences of repeated and how might these affect a researcher’s ability to determine whether significant effects have occurred in a study?

Answer 45

The more time participants spend completing a task (either across multiple levels of an independent variable or across many trials in a study), the more easily they complete the task due to experience with the task. the opposite can occur with extreme numbers of trials or many repeated testing sessions in a study. Participants can become fatigued over time, and their performance on a task declines over many repeated exposures to a task.

Question 46

within-subjects variable

Answer 46

Participant experiences all levels of the independent variable

Question 47

between-subjects variable

Answer 47

Participant experiences only one level of the independent variable

Question 48

face validity

Answer 48

A study or scale appearing to be intuitively valid on the surface

Question 49

experimenter bias

Answer 49

A source of bias in a study created when a researcher treats groups differently (often unknowingly) based on knowledge of the hypothesis

Question 50

Regression toward the mean

Answer 50

Can occur when participants score higher or lower than their personal average—the next time they are tested, they are more likely to score near their personal average, making scores unreliable

Question 51

Attrition or mortality

Answer 51

Occurs when participants choose not to complete a study

Question 52

What type of independent variable requires counterbalancing in Within-subjects IV?

Answer 52

Quasi-iv, participants experience ALL levels

Question 53

Internal Validity Examples

Answer 53

Group differences, order effects, testing effects, regression toward the mean, experimenter bias, social desirability, attrition or mortality