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mcat biochem textbook > ch 7 > Flashcards

ch 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is an example of a high energy phosphate bond?

A

the P-O-P bond of a pyrophosphate

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2
Q

hydrolysis is what delta g (favorable or unfavorable)

A

very very favorable

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3
Q

what are the three reasons why phosphate anhydride bonds hold so much energy

A

1) have a negative repelling forces
2) hasnt resonance therefore more energy than linked phosphate
3) orthophosphate has more favorable interactions with water than linked phosphates

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4
Q

linked phosphates are like??

A

compressed springs waiting to fly open and provide energy

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5
Q

what are nucleotides? what are they made up of?

A

they are the building blocks of nucleic acids. and its made up 1)ribose/deoxyribose sugar group 2)purine-pyrimidine base 3) 1-3 phosphate groups

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6
Q

ATP is what, what are other energy sources

A

it is a ribonucleotide that is universally used short term energy source. GTP (TCA) and UTP (glycogenesis) can also be used

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7
Q

DNA and RNA are what? what is the building block of DNA?

A

they are both nucleic acids and the building block of DNA is dNTP

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8
Q

what is dNTP made up of ?

A

it is made up of 1) deoxyribose 2)aromatic nitrogenous base (AGCT) 3) a phosphate group

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9
Q

what the purines? what rings do they have?

A

purines are G and A and they have a five and six membered ring

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10
Q

what the pyrimidines? what rings do they have?

A

pyrimidine are C and T and U for RNA. they have one 6 membered ring

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11
Q

what is a nucleoside

A

a ribose with a nitrogenous based at the 1’ carbon, theres no phosphate group

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12
Q

what is the A ribose nucleoside called?

A

adenosine

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13
Q

what is the G ribose nucleoside called?

A

guanosine

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14
Q

what is the C ribose nucleoside called?

A

cytidine

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15
Q

what is the T ribose nucleoside called?

A

thymidine

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16
Q

what is the U ribose nucleoside called?

A

uridine

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17
Q

dntp stands for what, how are different dntp different from each other

A

dntp means deoxynucleoside triphosphate andit is changed by the nitrogenous base that is bonded ex. DCTP where C is the nitrogenous base

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18
Q

what is the backbone of the nucleic acid

A

the sugar phosphate portion of the nucleotide

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19
Q

what is a polynucleotide

A

a polymer of several nucleosides linked together by phosphate diester bonds

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20
Q

where do new nucleotides add onto DNA

A

the free 3’ end

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21
Q

what does the Watson and Crick model state

A

it states that cellular DNA is right handed double helix bound by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces between bases

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22
Q

what is a double stranded DNA have

A

they have two long polynucleotide chains hydrogen binded in an antiparallel orientation with one strand going from 5’ to 3’ and the other going from 3’ to 5’

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23
Q

what pairs are always together in DNA, how many hydrogen bonds do each have?

A

A with T has 2 hydrogen bonds and C with G has three hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

what base pair needs more energy to be broken

A

gc because of three h bonds

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25
Q

annealing

A

the binding of two complementary strands of DNA into a double stranded structure.

26
Q

what is the separation of two complementary strands of DNA called

A

denaturing or melting

27
Q

what is Tm

A

the temperature at which a solution of DNA melts 50%

28
Q

what stabilizes DNA and what are important measurements to know?

A

the van der waals, hydrophobic forces, and the removal of the sugar on the 2’ carbon. the helix pattern repeats itself every ten base pairs or 34 angstroms and has a width is 20 angstroms

29
Q

genome

A

sum total of an organisms genetic info

30
Q

chromosome? how many do humans have?

A

large pieces of linear of ds DNA, each piece is a chromosome, humans have 46 chromosomes with 23 coming from each parent

31
Q

what does a prokaryotic genome look like?

A

its a single circular chromosome

32
Q

what do viral genomes look like?

A

it can be linear DNA/RNA or circular DNA/RNA

33
Q

what enzyme that prokaryotes have for DNA that humans dont have? what does it do?

A

they have DNA gyrase which mixes the single circular chromosome that already coiled even more coiled or super coiled.

34
Q

what organism has more base pairs?

A

eukaryotes

35
Q

what are histones

A

the globular protein that dna wraps around to package

36
Q

what are nucleosomes

A

the bonded beads of histones

37
Q

what are chromatin

A

stacked nucleosomes

38
Q

what does DNA packaging look like form big to small

A

nucleus, chromosomes, chromatin, nucleosomes, histones, and sugar phosphate backbone

39
Q

what is the first part of the DNA structure creation and what do you add to make the next thing?

A

deoxyribose is the first then you add a base which makes a nuceloside

40
Q

what is the second part of the DNA structure creation and what do you add to make the next thing?

A

nucleoside is the second then you 3 phosphate groups which makes a nucleotide

41
Q

what is the third part of the DNA structure and what do you add to make the next thing?

A

oligonucleortides then you continue polymerization and then you make single stranded polynucleotide

42
Q

what is the fourth part of the DNA structure and what do you add to make the next thing?

A

single stranded polynucleotide then you add another complementary strand in the antiparallel position which makes it a double stranded DNA

43
Q

what is the firth part of the DNA structure and what do you add to make the next thing?

A

double stranded DNA is then coiled to make double stranded helix

44
Q

DNA that is darker stained is made up of what? the lighter stained?

A

heterochromatin, the euchromatin

45
Q

what do lighter stained DNA parts have in terms of activity

A

less dense areas have high transcription and high gene activity since its less packed

46
Q

what are centromeres? what is the protein involved with centromeres?

A

centromere is the region of the chromosome which spindle fibers attach to in cell division. fibers attach to the kinetochores, proteins that act like an anchor

47
Q

what are centromeres made up of

A

heterochromatid and repetitive DNA sequences

48
Q

review different centromere positions, what are the names?

A

metacentric (normal), submetacentric, acrocentric, telocentric (absolutely no short arms)

49
Q

what is p and what is q

A

Q is long arms and P is short arms

50
Q

what are telomeres? what are their characteristics?

A

the ends of linear chromosomes. the characteristics are that they have repetitive DNA sequences and guanine rich! has both single/double stranded DNA

51
Q

telomeres are important for what?

A

prevent chromosome deterioration

52
Q

what are the characteristics of RNA?

A

1) RNA is single stranded, except in some viruses 2) RNA has uracil instead thymine 3) the pentose ring in RNA is ribose NOT deoxyribose

53
Q

what is a coding RNA? what does this RNA do?

A

coding RNA is mRNA and mRNA carries genetic info to the ribosome, where it can be translated into protein

54
Q

what is hnRNA?

A

first RNA transcribed by DNA, its premature version of mRNA that included exons and introns. it has no cap or tails

55
Q

what are non coding RNA? what are the two main ones?

A

nc RNA is a functional RNA that is not translated into a protein. the two we need to know is tRNA and rRNA

56
Q

what is tRNA?

A

transfer RNA: translates the genetic code. it also carries amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosome to be added to growing protein

57
Q

what is rRNA?

A

ribosomal RNA: major component of ribosome. humans only have four different rRNA’s. they provide catalytic function of ribosome

58
Q

what are catalytic RNA’s called

A

ribozymesand rRNA

59
Q

snRNA, miRNA, and siRNA are used in what

A

in gene expression

60
Q

where does DNA flexibility come from

A

leaving a linker DNA between nucleosomes

61
Q

what makes DNA more stable than RNA?

A

DNA is more stable because of the removal of the OH group on the second carbon

mcat biochem textbook (6 decks)

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