Ch 7

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The continued process of information retention over time.

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

Process information into the memory system like how data is entered and encoded in a way that the computer can understand.

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

Retained information over time like how data is stored in a computer’s hard drive.

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

Recover info from memory storage like files opened in a computer

Question 5

Selective Attention

Answer 5

The cognitive process of attending to one or fewer sensory stimuli (i.e., external and internal) while ignoring or suppressing all other irrelevant sensory inputs

Question 6

Divided Attention (multitasking)

Answer 6

The ability to pay attention to two tasks at once

Question 7

Sustained Attention (vigilance)

Answer 7

The ability to focus on an activity or stimulus over a long period of time.

Question 8

Shallow Processing

Answer 8

Refers to a superficial level of mental processing that primarily focuses on the surface-level features of information like physical traits

Question 9

Intermediate Processing

Answer 9

Involves maintenance rehearsal and leads to fairly short-term retention of information.

Question 10

Deep Processing

Answer 10

Meaningful personal experiences (e.g. images, thinking, associations, etc.) of information and leads to better recall

Question 11

Elaboration

Answer 11

Enhances memory

Question 12

The Dual Code Hypothesis (Paivio)

Answer 12

verbal code – word or label
image code – detailed and distinctive

Images are stored in both codes.
Superior to verbal codes alone

Question 13

The Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory

Answer 13

Long term memory
-relatively permanent
-Virtually unlimited

Question 14

Sensory Memory

Answer 14

Sensory is paying attention of things we want to know or are more important
-purposeful focus

Question 15

Short Term Memory

Answer 15

Processing and temporary storage
-capacity and duration are limited
- 20-30s
- (7+2)

Question 16

Echoic

Answer 16

It’s the ultra-short-term memory of auditory stimuli you’ve just heard

Question 17

Iconic

Answer 17

A type of short-term sensory memory in which one can recall visual images for just a few milliseconds after the physical image has disappeared

Question 18

Chunking

Answer 18

Grouping related items together so that someone can remember them more easily

Ex. taking your keys, wallet, phone because they are things that people need everyday

Question 19

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 19

The straight repeating of information to memorize it

Question 20

Long Term Memory

Question 21

Explicit memory (declarative)

Answer 21

Episodic (own memories)
Sematic (general knowledge)

Question 22

Implicit Memory (nondeclarative)

Answer 22

afected by past experiences

Question 23

Baddeley’s Working Memory

Answer 23

A multicomponent system to store temporarily information as it is processed.

Question 24

Visio-Spatial Sketchpad

Answer 24

The component of working memory that processes visual information (the visual cache) and spatial information (the inner scribe).

Question 25

Phonological Loop

Answer 25

repeating of something that was heard

Question 26

Central Executive

Answer 26

making decisions

Question 27

Forgetting

Answer 27

The loss or change in information that was was previously stored in short-term or long-term memory.

Question 28

Interference Theory- Proactive

Answer 28

Occurs when old information or knowledge interferes with the learning of new information.

Question 29

Interference Theory-retroactive

Answer 29

When newer memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories

Question 30

Decay Theory

Answer 30

A theory that proposes that memory fades due to the mere passage of time

Question 31

Tip Of The Tongue Phenomenon (TOT)

Answer 31

A state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning.