ch 7

Question 1

parts of mRNA

Answer 1

5’ UTR
start codon
open reading frame
stop codon
3’ UTR

Question 2

open reading frame

Answer 2

holds instructions to make proteins
only part that gets translated
located in middle of mRNA

Question 3

start codon

Answer 3

where translation starts

Question 4

stop codon

Answer 4

where translation ends

Question 5

5’ untranslated region UTR

Answer 5

not translated
front of mRNA
regulatory information, controls translation

Question 6

3’ untranslated region UTR

Answer 6

not translated
back of mRNA
regulatory information, controls translation

Question 7

3 main steps in translation

Answer 7

initiation
elongation
termination

Question 8

translation is carried out by ____

Answer 8

ribosomes

Question 9

what are the two main ribosome subunits

Answer 9

large and small subunit

Question 10

translation: initiation

Answer 10

initiation factors coordinate its binding

small subunit binds to mRNA
finds start codon

recruits large ribosomal subunit

Question 11

translation: elongation

Answer 11

ribosomes reads open frame and makes polypeptide
RNA nucleotides dictates amino acid sequence
tRNAs decode mRNAs message

Question 12

T/F: three mRNA nucleotides = one codon

Answer 12

true

Question 13

tRNA parts

Answer 13

anticodon
acceptor stem

Question 14

anticodon

Answer 14

binds to codon based on complementary base pairing

Question 15

acceptor stem

Answer 15

where amino acid is attached to tRNA

Question 16

tRNA charging

Answer 16

amino acids is covalently attached to tRNA molecule

Question 17

aminoacyl tRNA synthetases

Answer 17

catalyzes tRNA charging

20 different ones for each amino acids

Question 18

translation: elongation

Answer 18

charged tRNA is brought to the ribosome
ribosome covalently attaches amino acid to polypeptide chain
ribosome translocates forward one codon and repeats

Question 19

ribosomes have _____ regions where tRNAs bind

Answer 19

3

A site
P site
E site

Question 20

Acceptor site

Answer 20

where charged tRNAs first enter

Question 21

Peptide site

Answer 21

amino acids of tRNA is moved to growing polypeptide
peptide bond forms

Question 22

Exit site

Answer 22

where used, uncharged tRNA leaves

Question 23

translation: termination

Answer 23

reaches stop codon, translation ends

Question 24

stop codons are bound by ______ instead of tRNA

Answer 24

release factor

Question 25

release factor

Answer 25

protein that causes mRNA and ribosome to separate

Question 26

translation repressors

Answer 26

proteins that bind mRNA and stop translation sensitive to cellular conditions

Question 27

chaperones

Answer 27

proteins that assist in folding other proteins into proper shape

Question 28

three main types of chaperones

Answer 28

Hsp70 chaperones Chaperonins Protein disulfide isomerases

Question 29

Hsp70

Answer 29

heat-shock protein 70 bind new polypeptides transport them to other places in cell

Question 30

chaperonins

Answer 30

large, barrel-shaped proteins that fold other proteins repeatedly bind and release target protein causes it to fold requires energy

Question 31

protein disulfide isomerases

Answer 31

enzymes that catalyze the bond between cysteine amino acids across a polypeptide helps protein fold into proper shape

Question 32

protein cleavage

Answer 32

pieces of proteins are cut off helps them become active

Question 33

proteases

Answer 33

enzymes involved in protein cleavage

Question 34

zygomens / proproteins

Answer 34

proteins initially inactive by design cleavage of repressive region activates the protein

Question 35

example of a protein that is activated or inactivated upon binding of small molecules

Answer 35

G proteins

Question 36

example of a hormone that regulates proteins

Answer 36

estrogen

Question 37

example of a vitamin that regulates proteins

Answer 37

vitamin D

Question 38

post-translational modification

Answer 38

amino acids of a protein are chemically modified after a protein is built alters proteins function

Question 39

kinases

Answer 39

enzymes that add phosphate groups to proteins

Question 40

conformational change

Answer 40

proteins shape changes when modified

Question 41

phosphatases

Answer 41

enzymes that remove phosphate groups

Question 42

protein-protein interactions are based on

Answer 42

shape and electrical charge of proteins

Question 43

mechanisms of protein regulation

Answer 43

small molecule regulators post-translational modifications protein-protein interactions altered cellular location protein degradation

Question 44

ubiquitin

Answer 44

small protein attached to other proteins takes the proteins to proteasome to be degraded into amino acids

Question 45

ubiquitination

Answer 45

attachment of ubiquitins to proteins

Question 46

proteasome

Answer 46

degrades proteins into amino acids